1. Climate Change Induced Vulnerability: Migration towards Cities
Presented By Somashree Chattapadhya ( ) Ayub Ali ( ) Rashadur Rahman ( )

3. Climate Change
refers to any change in climate over time due to natural variability or as a result of human activity (IPCC)
refers to a change of climate is attributed directly or indirectly to human activity that alters the composition of the global atmosphere and that is in addition to natural climate variability observed over comparable time periods (UNFCC)

4. Climate Change
refers to achievements in the fight against disease, hunger, poverty, and environmental degradation risk being unraveled by climate change (UN Millennium Project, 2006)

5. Definitional Differences
IPCC
due to natural variability
can be a result of human activity
UNFCC
due to directly or indirectly to human activity

6. Across the international border
Migration
Migration means movement of a person or a group of persons (IOM)
With in state
Across the international border
Migration

7. Migration contains Contents displaced persons migration of refugees
economic migrants
family reunification

8. Types of Migration Types of Migration Forced Migration
Voluntary Migration

9. Forced Migration
According to IOM, A migratory movement due to threats to life and livelihood arising from natural or man-made causes. e.g. movements of refugees and internally displaced persons as well as people displaced by natural or environmental disasters, chemical or nuclear disasters, famine, or development projects

10. Voluntary Migration
Voluntary migration means personal willingness of movement for better opportunities

11. Terminological problems
Popular Misconception
Migrant
Refugee
Internally Displaced Person(IDP)

12. Terminological problems
Migrant
voluntary movement towards a more attractive lifestyle
Refugee
environmental pressures is not accurately related with the term “refugee” under the international law.
continued....

13. Refugee
According to the United Nations’ 1951 Convention and 1967 Protocol, “a refugee is a person who owing to a well-founded fear of being persecuted for reasons of race, religion, nationality, membership of a particular social group, or political opinion, is outside the country of his nationality and is unable to or, owing to such fear, is unwilling to avail himself of the protection of that country”.

14. Internally Displaced Person
someone displaced within their own country is an “internally displaced person” (IDP)
Given that the majority of people displaced by climate change will likely stay within their own borders
continued....

15. Internally Displaced Person
According to IOM,
Persons or groups of persons who have been forced or obliged to flee or to leave their homes or places of habitual residence, in particular as a result of or in order to avoid the effects of armed conflict, situations of generalized violence, violations of human rights or natural or human-made disasters, and who have not crossed an internationally recognized State border

16. Vulnerability
the degree, to which a system is at risk or unable to cope up with the adverse effects of climate change (IPCC Third Assessment Report, 2001)
Three components of Vulnerability
Exposure can be interpreted as the direct danger and the nature and extent of changes to a region's climate variables (e.g., temperature, precipitation, extreme weather events).
Sensitivity describes the human-environmental conditions that can worsen the hazard, restructure the hazard, or trigger an impact.

17. Vulnerability
Adaptive capacity represents the potential to implement adaptation measures that help to turn away potential impacts.
Thus vulnerability (V) is potential impact (I) minus adaptive capacity (AC). This leads to the following mathematical equation for vulnerability.
V = f (I - AC)
Source: Islam, N Vulnerability to Climate Change: Perspectives from Bangladesh, Conference Hall, India-Arab Cultural Centre JMI, New Delhi

18. Climate Change Induced Vulnerability

20. Disaster type Time Death (Source: EM-DAT 2010) Cyclone April, 1991
138,866
May, 1985
15,000
Cyclone SIDR
November, 2007
4,234
(Source: EM-DAT 2010)

21. Disaster Type Time Affected People Death July, 1998 1,050
Flood
June, 1988
45,000,000
June, 2004
36,000,000
May, 1984
30,000,000
July, 1987
29,700,000
May, 1998
15,000,050
July, 2007
13,771,380
June, 1995
12,656,006
January, 1993
11,469,537
Death
June,
2,379
2,055
1,200
1,110
July, 1998
1,050
(Source: EM-DAT 2010)

22. Vulnerability in 1974
Vulnerability in 2006

23. More vulnerable area migration (OM>IM) Less vulnerable induces more out area Induces less out migration (OM<IM) Where, OM=Out Migration IM=In Migration

24. Climate Change and Migration

25. Migration towards cities
A city exploding with climate migrants” that about 500,000 people move towards capital city, in every year mainly from coastal and rural areas (Friedman, 2009 )
around 5 lakh people come to Dhaka in a year who lost their homes and livelihoods due to extreme environmental events (Refugees Daily, 2009)
about 70%of slum dwellers in Dhaka experienced some kind of environmental shocks (IOM)
urban slums become a popular destination for rural migrants where Dhaka city alone contains about 3.4 million people in 4966 slums (Ishtiaque and Mahmud, 2011).

26. Causes of Migration (Push Factors)
Landlessness
Adverse person to land ratio
Frequent and severe natural disasters
Homelessness
Loss of income sources
Unemployment and poverty
Absence of industries
Law and order situation
Village politics
Lack of social and cultural opportunities
Do not like village (particularly rural rich)

27. Migration towards Cities (Pull Factors)
Job opportunities
Easy access to informal sector
Higher incomes
Rural urban disparities in social amenities and services (education, health care, recreation)
Positive information about the city (garments factory jobs)
Better livelihood
Fast and colorful life in city
Joining families or relatives
Willingness to change and see new places

28. Impact of Migration
Shortage of housing facilities and development of slums and squatter settlements
Most of the slums of Dhaka are composed of rural migrants
Economic impact
Urban poverty occurs due to rapid growth of slum dwellers
Unemployment
informal sector ensures less monetary benefits 
continued.....

29. Impact of Migration Social impact
Dhaka has emerged as a city of crime and insecurity
Migrants adopt unfair means for livelihood
Smuggling
Begging
drug trafficking
trafficking of women
prostitution etc.
continued.....

30. Impact of Migration Environmental impact
Dhaka is a city of noise, air and water pollution
Land filling is a very common practice
Water supply, Sanitation and Drainage system  In Dhaka 49% of the population have access to piped water supply
the remaining have to depend on private hand pumps and unspecified sources.
continued.....

31. Impact of Migration
None of the slums get proper sewerage service from (DWASA)
Garbage disposal and waste management 
Only 9% of the slum population manages to get solid waste management services (IOM, 2010)
Health hazard
Slum dwellers are affected by water-born diseases, malnutrition etc.
Fire is a common hazard in the city’s slum areas.

32. Two Big Questions….. ??????????????
How long the cities can take this pressure?
Cities are starting to react
There is huge-
pure drinking water problem
settlement problem
water logging problem
decreasing the surface water level
Extreme heat problem
Job war etc.

33. Then where to migrate….???????

34. Thank you