1. AIM: What values formed the basis of Roman society and government?
Unit Essential Question: How did Rome grow from a single city to a huge, diverse empire?
AIM: What values formed the basis of Roman society and government?
Do Now: Roman Rulers – The Good, the Bad…and the Weird (Midterm Project Introduction)

2. Geography of Rome I. Located in Southern Europe
II. Located on the Italian Peninsula
A. Natural crossroads for trade, cultural exchange, and conquest of the Mediterranean Basin
B. Provided protection from invasion by sea
III. Alps
A. Provided protection from invading Europeans
IV. Rivers
A. Tiber River flows through Rome providing water for drinking and crops
B. Po River in Northern Italy

3. Based on this map, which group would you think most influenced the Romans? Explain.
What do you think are some advantages and disadvantages of living near a variety of different people?
Geography of Rome

4. Early Roman History I. Latin Ancestors 1200 BCE – 300 BCE
A. Settled along Tiber River
II. Villages grew into Rome
III. Etruscans ruled Rome
A. Greek and Carthaginian colonies nearby
IV. Romans drove out Etruscan king who ruled them
V. Set up new government to ensure no more kings
Why do you think that the Romans did not like the Etruscan king?

5. Early Roman History

6. The Roman Republic
I. Republic - form of government in which affairs of state are a "public matter"
A. Senate – most powerful body
1. Made up of Patricians
2. Served for life
3. Issued decrees
4. Interpreted laws
B. Two Consuls
1. Elected by Senators
2. Supervise government business and command armies
3. One term only
4. Responsible to Senate – checks and balances
C. Dictator
1. Selected in times of war
2. Ruled for 6 months
Patricians – members of the landholding upper class

7. The Roman Republic II. Plebeians III. Twelve Tablets (Tables)
A. Farmers, merchants, artisans, and traders
B. Demanded political power
C. Gained right to elect Tribunes
1. Tribunes could veto laws
D. Senate eventually opened to plebeians
III. Twelve Tablets (Tables)
A. Laws written down and placed in the forum.
B. Allowed plebeians to appeal judgments by patricians
Plebians – made up the bulk of the population
Women – children – slaves – still not citizens of Rome. ONLY adult free Roman men
These laws talked about property, crime, family, theft, marriage and inheritance. It does not really matter what they said, although the laws did try to be fair. What matters is that these laws were written down. They were engraved on tablets of metal and put on display at the Forum in the city of Rome, so that everyone could see them. 

8. Group Work Directions: Create your own Twelve Tablets.
Scenario: A plane with 237 people crash-lands on a deserted (empty; isolated) island. What laws would you agree to if you knew it would be quite a time before you were rescued?

9. Rules 1. Each group will rotate to 3 stations
2. At EACH station the group must leave 2 comments, 1 concern and 2 questions total. (5 POST- ITS)
3. You will have 5 minutes at each station.
Code of Laws

10. Let’s Summarize!
How do your Twelve Tablets compare to the Roman’s Twelve Tablets? Do you believe your island would survive based on the laws you set?

11. Aim: How was Rome able to grow into such a large empire?
Do Now: Turn & Talk with a partner and create a list of two interpretations.
“All roads lead to Rome.”

12. Do Now: Turn & Talk Interpretations

13. EMPIRE

14. From Republic to Empire
Who were the Etruscans?
Where is Rome?
What do the different colors represent?
What happens from map A to map B?

16. The Expansion of Rome The Romans first conquered the Italian Peninsula
Carthage = Rome’s political & economic competitor in the Mediterranean area.

17. The Punic Wars – Class Directions
Step 1: In your group of 4, read Handout A about the Rise of Carthage.
Step 2: Split your group up and each be responsible for a topic – 1 person to the First Punic War, 1 person to the Beginning of the Second Punic War, 1 person to the End of the Second Punic War, 1 person to the Third Punic War
Step 3: Now that you know what to expect, come up with specific questions you want your group member
Step 4: Send your team members out to find information and “become experts” about their portion of the Wars.
Step 5: Go back to your original team and share your information.

19. Let’s Summarize! The Punic Wars = led to the destruction of Carthage,
With the collapse of Carthage, Rome conquered Western Europe and extended Roman influence throughout the Mediterranean basin.
Roman culture followed Roman conquests.

20. QUIZ! What was so special about Carthage’s location?
DIRECTIONS: TAKE OUT A PIECE OF PAPER AND WRITE DOWN THE ANSWERS TO THE FOLLOWING QUESTIONS. DO NOT WRITE THE QUESTION, ONLY THE ANSWER.
What was so special about Carthage’s location?
What was one thing that Carthage had that Rome did not?
Why did Hannibal want to take Revenge on the Romans?
What would have happened if Hannibal stayed?
Why did the Roman leader end his speech with the words, “Carthage must be destroyed”?
What was the major result/effect of the Punic Wars?

21. Do Now: List 3 effects of Roman expansion.
Aim: Why did the Roman Republic fail to survive challenges by Julius Caesar?
What are the problems with ruling an empire?
Do Now: List 3 effects of Roman expansion.

22. Julius Caesar Civil War in Rome
A. Conflict between Senate and popular political leaders over who should hold power
B. Sparked slave uprisings and revolts in conquered lands
C. Lasted for nearly 100 years

23. Julius Caesar
II. Rise of Julius Caesar A. A successful military commander who conquered Gaul and the British Isles B. Senate ordered Caesar to disband his army C. Caesar took his army to Rome D. Forced Senate to name him dictator

24. Julius Caesar
III. Caesar in Power A. Implemented reforms 1. Public works programs 2. Gave land to poor 3. Reorganized provincial governments 4. Granted citizenship to more people

25. Julius Caesar
IV. Fall of Julius Caesar A. Enemies worried that Caesar would make himself king B. Plotted against him to save the Republic C. Murdered on the Ides of March by Brutus D. Mark Anthony and Octavian Caesar fought for power

26. Alexander the Great

27. Create a song about Julius Caesar
Group Directions
Create a song about Julius Caesar
Present your song to the class (you don’t have to sing!) but if you PERFORM you get extra credit!!!!!!!

28. Let’s Summarize!

29. AIM: What kind of leader was Augustus?
Do Now: How do the actions of a ruler affect their empire? Provide specific examples.

30. Setting the Stage
After the death of Julius Caesar, a new round of Civil Wars begin  Octavian is triumphant
Given title of Augustus (Exalted One), declares him princeps (First Citizen)
Augustus exercised absolute power from 31 B.C.E to 14 C.E.
Lays foundation for a stable government
Pax Romana: “Roman Peace”; begins with reign of Augustus
Firm but moderate policies
Leaves senate in place
Creates efficient, well-trained civil service to enforce laws
Economic reforms: tax system more fair creates census
Set up postal service
Issued new coins to make trade easier
Gave jobless work: build roads and temples, sent others to farm the land

31. Reading Like a Historian
Directions:
Round 1: Class
Round 2: Partner
Round 3: Small Group
Claim/Final Claim: Independent

32. Let’s Summarize…

33. Do Now: List three facts about the expansion of Rome.
AIM: How did Christianity emerge and then spread to become the official religion of the Roman empire?
Do Now: List three facts about the expansion of Rome.

34. Pax Romana = roman peace
Literature, history and philosophy
Virgil
Horace: satirize
Art & Architecture
Mosaic
Pantheon
Science & Math
Engineering
Road System
Aqueducts
Ptolemy: Earth was center of the universe
Colosseum

35. Early Empire Includes diverse religions Divisions arise in Judea
Polytheism: Jupiter, Mars, Juno, etc.
“mystery religions” ex. Cult of Isis
Generally Rome tolerated varied religious traditions
Divisions arise in Judea
Idea of messiah

36. Rome at the Birth of Christ
This is a rough approximation of the boundaries of the Roman Empire around the time Christianity began.

37. Rome at the Birth of Christ
This map gives a little more detail – The yellow shows when the Empire began with the rise of Caesar Augustus, the green is the territory Augustus added to the empire, and the Red shows the empire at the death of Marcus Aurelius in 180 AD. So you see
-the empire was growing during the rise of Christianity;
-Judea was a recent addition to the empire out on its eastern edge (POINT OUT WHERE JUDEA IS)

38. Rome: The Right time… The right place!!!
GEOGRAPHIC FACTORS
PHILOSOPHICAL FACTORS
POLITICAL FACTORS
RELIGIOUS FACTORS
QUICKLY – Geography, Philosophy, and Politics all paved the way for Christianity to spread. Christianity could not have expanded the way it did at any other time in history. But there are even more important factors than just the Roman culture:
RELIGIOUS FACTORS
Blending of Greek & Other Religious beliefs
Polytheism… Many Gods
Pagan
State recognition of Traditional Greek Gods
Emperor cult worship

39. The Rise of Christianity
Monotheistic
Jesus was Son of God
Life of Jesus
New Testament
Believed in life after death
All people equal before God

40. I. Early Church
A. After Jesus’ crucifixion, his followers (apostles) spread his teachings.
B. Paul brought Jesus’ teachings to the Gentiles or non-Jewish people.
C. Christianity spread throughout the Roman Empire.

41. II. Conflicts with Roman Empire
A. Monotheism vs. Polytheism
B. Persecution of Christians – Nero

42. III. Persecution  Acceptance
Constantine’s Edict of Toleration (313 AD)
Theodosius declares Christianity the official religion of the Roman Empire (380 AD)
Augustine & the Rise of the Holy Roman Empire (d. 430 AD)

43. Roman Catholic Church Create an organizational chart for your notes.
Priests in each locality (parish)
Bishops preside over an area of priests (diocese)
Archbishops (Bishops of important cities) presided over bishops in their area
Rivalry between bishops in large cities caused divisions
In the Latin-speaking west, Christians accepted the Bishop of Rome as the Pope, or leader of the Roman Catholic Church
Create an organizational chart for your notes.

44. *As the Roman Empire declined the Catholic Church grew in importance, membership, and power.

45. Exit Discussion
You are a Jew or a Christian during the 
Roman Empire. In a 50 words, explain if you would show loyalty to the Roman gods and Emperors if your religion stated that you could not.

46. Aim: How did military, political, social, and economic factors combine to cause the fall of the western Roman empire?
Do Now: What does this quote mean to you? “The sun never sets on the Roman Empire.”
Reminder: Research Presentations – next class!

47. The Fall of the Roman Empire
A Century of Crisis
Pax Romana came to an end with Marcus Aurelius (AD )
The rulers that followed were unable to manage the large empire and its growing problems.
Result: The Roman Empire began to decline

48. The Roman Empire Under Augustus
Stable
Secure
Powerful!

49. Rome Fell Like a Game of Jenga
Social Factors
Political Factors
Economic Factors
Many factors weakened Rome over the course of several centuries. By the end, it was too broken to save
Military Factors

50. 4 FACTORS WEAKENED ROME

51. The Fall of the Roman Empire
Problems
Economic
Trade was disrupted by hostile tribes and pirates
No new gold or silver sources = raise taxes
Created more money = inflation (bad)
Soil in Italy and Western Europe became increasingly less fertile

52. The Fall of the Roman Empire
Political
Citizens were losing their patriotism towards Rome
Government began to be controlled by military
Terrible emperors such as Nero, Commodus, & Caligula murdered, raped, and impoverished their people

53. The Fall of the Roman Empire
Social
People were slowly losing their confidence in the Empire
Gap between rich and poor was still very wide
Decline in interest in public affairs

54. The Fall of the Roman Empire
Military
Low funds for defense
Mercenaries (foreign soldiers) hired who accepted lower pay
Soldiers were less disciplined and loyal

55. The Fall of the Roman Empire
Reform Attempted
Emperor Diocletian
Becomes emperor in 284 AD
Ruled with iron fist and limited personal freedoms
Doubled size of army
Sought to control inflation
Divided empire in two: Greek Speaking East & Latin Speaking West

56. Split of the Empire

57. Emperor Constantine

58. The Fall of the Roman Empire
Emperor Constantine
Embraced Christianity due to vision he had at the battle of Milvian Bridge; victory at Milvian Bridge made him sole ruler of Rome
First Christian Roman emperor
Issued the Edict of Milan which allowed Christians to worship freely
Moves capital of empire east to Byzantium; builds new city
New city is later renamed Constantinople (in modern day Turkey)
Eastern empire flourishes due to trade and wealth

59. The Fall of the Roman Empire
Western Empire Crumbles
The decline of the Western Roman Empire took place over many years
Final collapse was due to:
Worsening internal problems
The separation of the Western Empire from wealthier East
Outside invasions

60. The Fall of the Roman Empire
Germanic Invasions
Mongol nomads, The Huns, forced Germanic peoples on empire’s borders to push into Roman lands
Last Roman Emperor, Romulus Augustulus, ousted by Germanic forces in 476 AD

61. Attila the Hun

62. Invasion Routes

63. Romulus Augustulus Deposed

64. Finished.

65. The Fall of the Roman Empire
Result: The Western Roman Empire was no more but the eastern empire would continue to thrive as a region known today as Byzantium

66. Political Cartoon Analysis
Directions:
Class will read as a whole Ten Theories on the Fall of Rome
Students will be broken up into groups of 4-5 and will be given a political cartoon to analyze. Groups are to:
Create a political cartoon representing your Theory (don’t tell anyone which theory you have, other groups are going to guess based off of your cartoon!)

67. Let’s Summarize…