1. Founding of the Americas

2. Native American Societies
Corn!!!
All large native American societies were based around maize
Meso-American Societies
Human sacrifice and astronomy
Pueblos (Anasazis)
Irrigation system and pueblos (villages)
Cohokia
Mound builders

3. Native American Societies
Algonquin and Iroquois (Mohawks, Oneidas, Onondagas, Cayugas, and the Senecas)
Three Sisters farming- beans, corn and squash around 1000 CE (south east only- north east hard to farm)
Many distinct societies, similar language
Many political organizations chiefdoms or confederacies
Powhatan Chiefdom
Iroquois confederacy (no chiefs)
Matriarchal Societies

4. Native American Societies
Horses
Introduced in the mid to late 1500s
Some tribes moved from agriculture back to hunting buffalo
Gave certain tribes power over others
Comanche, Sioux (black hills), and the Crow
Trade
Tribes that specialized traded to get other resources
Ex: Navajos and Apaches would trade with the Pueblo every year, exchange hide and meat for maize, pottery, and cotton
War captives would also be traded as slaves

5. Indirect Discoveries Lief Erikson The crusades 1000 CE, Newfoundland
Made Europe aware of all the awesome stuff they were missing out on- sugar!

6. Europeans Enter Africa
Marco Polo, stimulated a cheaper route to the east
Caravel- allows Europeans to return home after sailing south along the coast of Africa
Could now sub-Saharan Africa could be “discovered”- gold
Portuguese dominate trade with Africa- including slaves
Sugar plantations off the coast of Africa (Madeira, the Canaries, Sau Tome, and the Principe)

7. Europeans Enter Africa
Plantation System started on these islands
Portuguese pushed south along the coast looking for a water route to Asia
Vasco de Gama, 1498 reached India by going around Africa

8. Spain Joins the Race
Marriage of Ferdinand of Aragon and Isabella of Castille united Spain
Newfound strength

9. Columbus!!! Changing politics, new technology, and the renaissance
Spain now had the unity, wealth and power to compete with Portugal
Columbus=most successful failure in history
Columbian Exchange

10. Columbian Exchange

11. Conquest of Mexico and Peru
Treaty of Tordesillas (1494)
West Indies
Sugar plantations and base for invading th mainland
Encomienda System
Bartolome de las casas
Hernan Cortes (1519)- from Cuba to Mexico
Moctezuma- Aztec Chieftan
Noche Triste- June 30, 1520

12. Conquest of Mexico and Peru
Francisco Pizarro
Incas in 1532
Increase in gold=increase in money supply in Europe=the beginning of capitalism
Not just death
Crops, animals, language, customs, and religion
Mestizos

13. Exploration and Imperial Rivalry
Conquistadores
Vasco Nunez Balboa
Ferdinand Magellan
Juan Ponce de Leon
Francisco Coronado
Others getting jealous
English- John Cabot
French- Jacques Cartier
St. Augustine, to protect Spanish land

14. Exploration and Imperial Rivalry
Spain began to fortify and settle its new land
Rio Grande Valley- Don Juan de Onate
Abused Pueblo natives
Battle of Acoma- proclaimed province of New Mexico in Santa Fe
Missionaries tried to supress native religious customs
Pope’s Rebellion (1680)
Spain comes back in 50 years but is more tolerant of native customs

15. Differences in colonization
Spanish- larger and richer, lasted longer, intermarried with natives, and adopted some indigenous culture