1. Chapter 2 The French in North America
Chapter Inquiry:
What kind of society did the French colonists create in their North American colonies?

2. This section will explore the following outcomes…
The social and economic factors for European imperialism.
The ways in which European imperialism impacted the social and economic structures of the Aboriginal societies you studied in Chapter1.

3. Chapter 2 Vocabulary Colony Empire Imperialism Monopoly Acadians Metis
Sovereign Council
Habitants
Seigneurial System
Jesuits
Canadiens

4. Colony  A territory controlled by another country.
Empire  A network of colonies controlled by a single country.
Imperialism  A country extending its control over other countries , often using economic or military means.

5. Monopoly  When only one company or group is allowed to sell or trade a product in a certain area.
Acadians  A Francophone citizen of Acadia.
Metis  People of mixed First Nations and European ancestry who identify themselves as Metis people. They are distinct from First Nations, Inuit and non-Aboriginal peoples.

6. Sovereign Council  A government with three officials: a Governor, an Intendant, and a Bishop, set up by King Louis XIV (14th) to govern the colony of New France.
Habitants  A Francophone farmer of New France.
Seigneurial System  A social system based on nobles (or seigneurs) who rented land to farmers (or habitants); the habitants had to give seigneurs a portion of their annual crop and pay other fees, and the seigneurs had to build a mill and a church on their land for the farmers.

7. Jesuits  An order of missionaries who came to North America to convert First Nations peoples to the Catholic faith.
Canadiens  A Francophone descendent of the settlers of New France living anywhere in North America, including the West (in use until about the First World War)

8. Walk-in-Assignment
1) The most fascinating part of Aboriginal cultures in North America was…
2) My Prediction of how Aboriginal life will be disrupted by European contact is…

9. EUROPEAN IMPERIALISM
When Europeans first came to Canada, they created new settlements called ‘colonies’.
Colony: a territory of land that is controlled by another country.
Empires are networks of colonies controlled by a single country, called the Home Country.
Colonies did not have control over their own political or economic affairs – decisions were made by the home country.
Imperialism is the domination by one country of the political, economic, or cultural life of another country or region.
A time period in history where powerful European countries would go into other nations and attempt to take them over and control them.
They did this so that they could build their Empires.

10. The 2 most powerful European imperial countries were Britain and France.
These 2 countries eventually competed with each other for territory in Canada.
This competition eventually led to war between these 2 countries in a fight for who would control North America.
European Imperialism

12. New France
In this chapter, we will investigate why France was interested in building a colony in North America.
We’ll look at the journeys of some French explorers as they set out to claim new lands for France.
In Chapter 1, you learned about the societies and economies of three different First Nations. In this chapter, you’ll look at these same aspects of New France.

15. European Imperialism
Europeans began arriving in the land we call Canada 1000 years ago. They were the Norse, who sailed from Scandinavia. In the 1400s, long after the Norse had left North America, sailors from Spain, Portugal, and possibly England crossed the Atlantic to catch fish off the shores of present-day Newfoundland and Labrador. These fishermen were followed by many other Europeans, who came across the ocean as explorers and colonists. In this section, you’ll examine the different reasons why the imperial countries of Europe decided to cross the ocean to North America. You’ll see why they wanted to claim colonies here.

16. Looking for a New Silk Road
For centuries, the countries of Europe traded with Asia to obtain spices, tea, silk, porcelain, and precious gems.
By the 1400s, the Europeans were eager to find another route to Asia, preferably a water route.
In 1492, Queen Isabella sent Christopher Columbus west across the Atlantic – this began an interest in the land of the west.
To bring these goods home, the Europeans travelled a route known as the Silk Road. This long overland route crossed through Asia and Eastern Europe. The route was dangerous - ambush parties would often attack the traders, they would either steal the traders’ cargo or charge them a large payment, or “tax,” to pass through the territory.

17. RECALL
Why did Queen Isabella send Christopher Columbus west across the Atlantic in 1492?
Why were the Europeans looking for a new route to Asia?

18. Why were the Europeans looking for a new route to Asia?
Why did Queen Isabella send Christopher Columbus west across the Atlantic in 1492?
The route was dangerous because ambush parties would often attack the traders.
They would either steal the traders’ cargo or charge them a large payment, or “tax,” to pass through the territory.
Other countries like Portugal began looking for a new route, so Queen Isabella of Spain decided to send Christopher Columbus westward in search of a new route.

19. Expanding Across the Ocean
Why did the imperial countries of Europe want to expand their empires?
Economics
Competition
Religion
Curiosity

20. Reason for Exploration
Explanation
Economics
Europeans set up colonies so they could claim the resources of the land for themselves. In Canada, the resource the Europeans valued most was fur, since the beaver had been hunted to extinction in Europe, they looked to North America for more.
Competition
The countries of Europe were often at war with one another as they competed for land and resources. The more colonies a country controlled, the more power and prestige it had.
Religion
Most Europeans were Christians. There was competition within the Christian faith between the Catholics and the Protestants. Most people in France were Catholic. Most people in England were Protestant. Both groups wanted to send missionaries around the world to spread their version of Christianity.
Curiosity
The Europeans were also curious about what lay beyond the
horizon. New technologies and improvements in navigation helped them to travel farther than they had ever been before.

22. #2) arguments for: -trade - European tools and technologies simplified tasks -an opportunity to learn about other culture's and lands arguments against: -loss of land and resources -disruption to their traditional ways of life - pressure to adopt European ways - illness and death from previously unknown diseases -suspicion and mistrust of Europeans

23. France Takes an Interest in North America
France entered the race to find an ocean passage to Asia in the mid-1500s. The king, François I, was determined that his people should find a route before the other countries of Europe. The French decided to start their search by exploring North America. This section looks at some of the reasons the French continued to come back to North America and eventually built colonies here.

24. Cartier Crosses the Atlantic
The king of France sent a French sea captain named Jacques Cartier to find a passage through North America to Asia. In 1534, Cartier set out across the Atlantic with two ships. After 20 days at sea, he arrived off the coast of Newfoundland. Sailing around the north end of the island, Cartier entered a broad inland sea—the Gulf of St. Lawrence.

25. One day, Cartier and his men were exploring along the shore
One day, Cartier and his men were exploring along the shore. They came across a group of Mi’kmaq [MIG-mah] paddling in their canoes. Can you imagine how the Mi’kmaq reacted upon encountering Cartier and his crew? The boat would have been larger than any they had seen before. The style of clothing and the language of the men on board would have been unfamiliar to them as well. In his journal, Cartier wrote about what happened next from his point of view…

26. This is the first known written account of trade between the Europeans and First Nations peoples. What things in this account suggest that the Mi’kmaq had traded before? With whom do you think they might have traded?

27. The Challenges of Settlement
In July 1534, Cartier landed at a place he called Gaspé. There, he met a First Nations people called the Haudenosaunee and their leader, a man named Donnacona. After this meeting, Cartier took two of Donnacona’s sons, Taignoagny and Domagaya, on board his ship. He sailed with them back to France to prove to the king what he had found. In 1535, Cartier returned to North America with three ships and 110 men. He brought Donnacona’s sons back with him. They guided the French up the St. Lawrence River, deeper into the continent. Cartier and his crew decided to stay the winter. However, many of the crew became ill and died from scurvy, a disease brought on by a lack of vitamin C. But the Haudenosaunee had a cure for scurvy. Without their help, Cartier and the rest of his men may not have survived the winter.
Question:
What were some of the Challenges of settlement for Cartier and his men?

29. Land of Riches
The Haudenosaunee told Cartier about a land northeast of their village where there were fruit trees, metals, and gems. In the spring of 1536, Cartier forcibly took Donnacona and nine other villagers back to Europe. Cartier hoped this information about the riches in North America would convince the king to pay for another voyage.

30. Cartier Visits Again
Cartier returned to North America in He planned to set up a colony along the St. Lawrence River. By this time, all but one of the Haudenosaunee Cartier had taken across the ocean had died in Europe, however, Cartier told the Haudenosaunee that the people he took were well and living in Europe. As a result, the Haudenosaunee were hostile toward the French. After another terrible winter, the French colonists decided to return to Europe. Although he was not able to establish a permanent colony in North America, Cartier did succeed in gathering important information about the land across the ocean.

32. What did Cartier accomplish during his explorations?
-Cartier's voyages established the French presence in North America
-Opened up new trading opportunities
-Established the first contact with the First Nations. 

33. France Expands Its Empire
Jacques Cartier’s settlement on the St. Lawrence River had failed, but the French did not forget about North America completely. Fishing fleets still came to the North Atlantic each year. Fur traders still came to trade with First Nations trappers.
In this section, you’ll learn how France began to build North American colonies at Acadia and Québec. You’ll see why the explorer Champlain and some First Nations forged alliances, and you’ll investigate the impact these alliances had on the colonies.

34. Why did the French Return to North America?
By the early 1600s, the demand for furs in Europe was growing. The French king, Louis XIII, decided that France should build a colony in North America. Then they would have access to the abundant supply of furs.
Another reason the French returned to North America was that Louis XIII wanted to be the most powerful ruler in Europe. To reach his goal, he needed to expand France’s colonial empire. Resources from the colonies would give France a military advantage over its imperial rivals.

35. The French Return - Monopoly
The king knew that a colony so far from home would be expensive for him to build and support.
So, the king granted a trade monopoly to a group of merchants. This meant that only the merchants within the group would be allowed to trade for furs in the colony.
In return, the merchants agreed to build settlements in North America and find French citizens to live in them.

36. The French in Acadia
In 1604, a French noble named Pierre de Monts received a monopoly. He sailed to North America to set up a colony. He took a map-maker and explorer named Samuel de Champlain with him. In the spring of 1605,de Monts established a settlement at Port Royal on the Bay of Fundy. The French called the area Acadia. At first, the Mi’kmaq who lived there did NOT object to the newcomers. The French did not interfere with their fishing and hunting activities, and the Mi’kmaq welcomed the chance to trade their furs for metal goods and blankets. The Mi’kmaq were willing to share the land as long as they had access to it. In time, more and more French people came to Acadia. Acadia offered poor farmers from France an opportunity to make a new start. The colonists spread out along the shores of the Bay of Fundy. They survived through farming, fishing, and hunting. These French pioneers formed a unique community and culture. They were the first Acadians.

38. The Founding of Québec
Port Royal was a long way from the centre of the fur trade, so de Monts and Champlain decided to move to the St. Lawrence River. They chose a site near Stadacona, where Jacques Cartier had built a fort many years earlier. The French colonists called their settlement Québec. It was an ideal place to trade furs. However, living conditions were far from ideal for the colonists. During their first winter, 20 of the 28 newcomers died due to the weather and lack of food.

41. Positive Negative The King Wealth in the form of land
                    Positive                             Negative  The King         Wealth in the form of land Difficult building and
and resources. controlling a colony from far away.          A French Colonist    The promise of a better life    Difficult establishing a life Economic freedom. with so few resources.                                                                  First Nations Person    Trade with the Europeans.   Europeans trying to assimilate them and take their land

42. Exploring Deeper into the Continent
Aside from the official explorers, the first people to leave the settlements of New France and begin roaming the countryside were the coureurs de bois (in English, “runners of the woods”). In this section, you’ll investigate how these adventurers and the First Nations built the fur trade. You’ll see why they pushed farther west and south into the continent. As you read about their explorations, you’ll analyze how European ideas of land ownership caused conflict between them and the First Nations peoples.

43. The Coureurs de Bois
The coureurs de bois lived for long periods among the First Nations.
Many married First Nations women, and these couples became parents to the first Métis [may-TEE].
They learned to speak the First Nations’ languages, how to build birchbark canoes and other skills they needed to survive
Many were lured into the fur trade by the promise of adventure, freedom, and money.
They also acted as guides and interpreters for the French traders.

44. Cultural Exchange ...Even Then
A young French colonist named Étienne Brûlé was one of the first coureurs de bois. In 1610, the French and the Wendat agreed to a cultural exchange. Brûlé went to live with the Wendat. A young Wendat man named Savignon went to live in France. During his years living with them, Brûlé gained an appreciation for the Wendat way of life. He learned to speak their language, practiced their customs, travelled with the Wendat hunters and came to know their territory. Things did not go as well for Savignon in France. Savignon described France as a place where children were treated badly and where beggars lived in the streets.

45. Expanding West
Two of the most adventurous coureurs de bois were Pierre Radisson and his brother-in-law, des Groseilliers. Radisson came to New France in 1650 as a boy. He lived with the Mohawk for 2 years and learned to speak their language and survive in the woods. In 1659, he joined des Groseilliers on a trading trip deep inland to the far end of Lake Superior. The First Nations people welcomed them wherever they went. They claimed these lands for France by giving French names to some of the settlements, lakes, rivers, mountains, and other landforms they encountered. In 1670, Radisson and des Groseilliers travelled to Hudson Bay and founded a fur-trading business called the Hudson’s Bay Company.

46. Expanding South
The French heard for many years the First Nations talk about a mighty river beyond the Great Lakes that flowed into the south. In the Cree language, the river was called the Mississippi—the “big river.” In 1672, the king of France sent two explorers, Louis Jolliet and Jacques Marquette, to find out where this mysterious river flowed. After several weeks of canoeing, they learned that there was a Spanish colony in the area. Worried that the Spanish might take them hostage, Jolliet and Marquette turned back. In 1682, a French fur trader named René Robert Cavelier de la Salle finally reached the mouth of the Mississippi River at the Gulf of Mexico. This allowed France to claim ownership of all of the Mississippi country. They called it Louisiana.

47. Different Perspectives about Land
Like people from the other imperial countries of Europe, the French claimed “ownership” of the territories they explored. First Nations believed land was to be shared by everyone. Although a First Nation granted certain families the right to hunt and fish in a territory, no one owned land privately. While France claimed a large territory, most colonists remained clustered along the St. Lawrence River. To gain control of the territory, France needed more colonists. But it wasn’t easy to persuade people to come to New France - the climate was much colder than it was in France and it was hard to start a farm in the wilderness. As a result, the population in the colony grew slowly.

49. #3) Differing beliefs about land ownership… First Nations believed that no individual could own the land and that people had an obligation to manage resources for future generations. Europeans believed that individuals could own land and that resources were to be used for gain.

50. Economy and Government in New France
In this section, you’ll investigate how the king of France increased the population of the colony. You’ll analyze the tensions between the French and some First Nations. You’ll examine the role of religion and the Catholic Church in building the colony. Finally, you’ll investigate the way of life that was evolving in New France.

51. The Royal Takeover
New France depended on France for colonists, supplies, and military protection. In return, New France supplied resources such as furs and fish. The colony made France richer and more powerful In the early days of New France, however, this system was not working well. To the merchants who ran it, New France was simply a place to trade for furs. They had little interest in building settlements. As a result, few people wanted to move there, and the colony failed to prosper.

52. In 1663, King Louis XIV took control of the colony from the merchants
In 1663, King Louis XIV took control of the colony from the merchants. He set up a Sovereign Council to govern the colony. This council was made up of appointed councilors and three key officials:
Governor.
The most powerful member, the King’s personal representative, was usually an army officer and a noble. He took charge of the defence of the colony and of its relations with allies and enemies.
Intendant.
The second-most important official, was in charge of the day-to-day affairs of the colony. He supervised the courts, saw that roads were built and that settlers were looked after, and managed the economy. The first intendant in New France was Jean Talon.
Bishop.
The head of the church in the colony was the bishop. As a member of the Sovereign Council, he played a leading role in politics as well. The first bishop, François de Laval, opened a seminary in Québec to train priests; it later became Laval University.

53. The royal government paid the colony’s expenses - taxes were lower than they were in France. The government of New France was all-powerful - the colonists had to follow the rules and laws established By the Sovereign Council. Overall, the people enjoyed greater freedom in New France than they had back in France. A distinctive Francophone society developed. The colonists were expected to be responsible, contributing members. In this way, they became the citizens of New France.

54. Who in the government could best handle the following queries?
- A fur trader worried about an attack by the Haudenosaunee - A priest concerned about opening a new mission - A First Nations leader wanting to reach an agreement with the King - A merchant in Montreal wanting the government to build a new wharf on the river - A carpenter wanting a loan to start a sawmill - A habitant seeking exemption from militia duty - An official worried about a food shortage in the coming winter

55. Who in the government could best handle the following queries?
- A fur trader worried about an attack by the Haudenosaunee (the governnor - defence) - A priest concerned about opening a new mission (the bishop - religion) - a First Nations leader wanting to reach an agreement with the King (governnor - represents the King) - a merchant in Montreal wanting the government to build a new wharf on the river (intendant - finances) - a carpenter wanting a loan to start a sawmill (intendant - finances) - a habitant seeking exemption from militia duty (governor - militia companies) - an official worried about a food shortage in the coming winter (intendant - responsibility for the settlers)

57. The Catholic Church in New France
In France, most people were Catholic. Therefore, almost all the colonists in New France were Catholic, too. Priests, nuns, and missionaries who went to New France helped build the colony. They held religious services, taught school, ran hospitals, and cared for the poor. The colonists supported the Church and its activities by donating a portion of their income, called a tithe. The most important goal of the Church was to spread the Catholic faith. The missionaries came to North America to convert First Nations peoples to their religion. The village of Ville-Marie (today known as Montreal) was founded as a place where missionaries could do this.

58. Key Characteristics of the Catholic Church in New France:
Catholic church was the only church allowed in the colony
The bishop led the church and formed part of the government
The church operated schools and hospitals    
The church was the centre of community life
The church tried to convert First Nations people
Some members provided important historical information through their journals and diaries

59. Catholic Church In New France – The Jesuits
A series of journals called the Jesuit Relations were written by a special order of missionaries. The Jesuits, who started arriving in New France in 1625, wrote mainly about their work and travels. They sent their journals back to France, where they were published. The following is an excerpt from the Jesuit Relations. In it, a Jesuit missionary described the conversion of some Wendat children and their parents to the Catholic faith.

60. Populating the Colony
Aside from nuns, few French women were interested in living in New France. But the colony needed women to marry the male colonists and raise families. The king had a solution. Between 1665 and 1673, he sent about 900 single young women and girls to New France to become wives. The women were known as the filles du roi—the “king’s daughters.” Within 14 years, the population of New France grew from 3200 to After 1680, there were few newcomers from France. These colonists are therefore the ancestors of most Canadians of French descent—the original Canadiens.

61. Population growth was slow in the early days of the colony, however population increased more quickly after the 'filles du roi', 900 single young females sent by the French king to New France to marry French colonists. 
The king wanted to build a powerful empire, therefore he need New France to succeed.

62. Women in New France
The family was the centre of daily life in New France. Women worked in the fields, cared for their homes and children, and helped manage the family finances. Girls in New France received a better education than they did in France. The nuns operated the schools and taught the children how to read and write as well as how to do domestic chores. Since there were more schools for girls than for boys in the colony, girls often received a better education. Many children had a greater opportunity to attend school than children in France did. In France, many children were sent to the cities at a young age to learn a trade. Therefore, they never attended school.

63. The Economy of New France
The social structure of New France was based on the seigneurial system - The king gave large tracts of land along the St. Lawrence River to the nobles, called seigneurs. In return, each seigneur had to find colonists to settle the land. These colonists, known as habitants, rented strips of land from the seigneur and set up farms. Both seigneurs and habitants had duties to each other that were protected by law. Each habitant had to give the seigneur a portion of each year’s crop and pay other fees. The seigneur had to build a mill and a church on his land. The seigneurial system became the model for settlement throughout New France.

65. The French: Forging the Foundations of Canada
The citizens of New France had a much different life than they would have had if they had stayed in France - they had more food and better houses than people in the home country did. As well as being pioneers in the fur trade, they were explorers of the interior as far west as the plains and as far south as the Gulf of Mexico. The French colonists became a self-reliant people with a unique way of life that was distinct from that of France. Through hard work and perseverance, the citizens of New France laid the foundations of Canada. They established the fur trade, explored and mapped much of the interior and became a strong and unique society.

66. Farms are still laid out in long strips of land along the river, just like the seigneurial system.