1. Revolution and Change in France
Main Idea
During the 1800s opposing groups in France struggled to determine what kind of government France would have—a republic, a constitutional monarchy, or an absolute monarchy.
Reading Focus
What happened during the Revolution of 1830?
What were the results of the birth of the French republic?
How did the Dreyfus affair reveal divisions within French society?

2. The Revolution of 1830 A King Abdicates
At the end of the Napoleonic era, the Congress of Vienna restored Louis XVIII to the French throne. The French had a constitution and a legislature, but most power remained with the king.
Charles X inherited throne with death of brother, Louis XVIII
Tried to rule as absolute monarch
Citizens revolted in 1830
Charles abdicated, fled to England
A King Abdicates

3. Louis Philippe Life under the new king
Aristocrat popular with middle class
Called “citizen king”
Opened vote to more men
Limited to freedom of the press
More power to wealthy
Larger gap between poor and rich
Economic depression of 1846

4. Identify Cause and Effect
What were the effects of the Revolution of 1830?
Answer(s): King Charles X abdicated and was replaced by King Louis Philippe, the “citizen king.”

5. Birth of a Republic The Revolution of 1848
The economic troubles and general unhappiness simmered until Then revolution exploded again and another republic was born.
French government banned banquet planned by reformers
Middle- and working- class protesters took to streets
Louis Philippe abdicated
New government formed, a republic headed by a president
Voters elected Napoleon’s nephew, Louis Napoleon
The Revolution of 1848

6. Second Republic Era known as Second Republic
Revolution of 1848 had far-reaching effects: ensured all adult men had right to vote, inspired other European revolutions

7. Napoleon III and the Second Empire
French constitution allowed president to serve four years
Louis Napoleon wanted to remain in office
1851, sent troops to Paris, arrested members of National Assembly who opposed him
Called for national vote on drafting new constitution
1852, French elected him Emperor Napoleon III
New Constitution

8. Reforms of the Empire
Period became known as Second Empire
Napoleon III made reforms such as increasing voting rights but always kept absolute power as emperor
Ruled during time of economic prosperity
Built many miles of railroads, helped increase trade and improved communications in France
French Rail Station

9. The Third Republic War with Prussia Reforms of the Republic
1870, Napoleon III was tricked into war with Prussia
Napoleon III was captured and surrendered to Prussians
Reforms of the Republic
Primary education became available for children between 6-13
Trade union were legalized, working hours were reduced, and the work week was cut to 6 days
Deposed Leader
Shameful defeat led French Assembly to depose Napoleon III and proclaimed the Third Republic

10. Third republic
Important Reforms
Primary education available for children between 6 and 13
Trade unions legalized, working hours reduced, workers got one day off per week

11. Why did the French elect Louis Napoleon as their president?
Draw Conclusions
Why did the French elect Louis Napoleon as their president?
Answer(s): possible answer—because of his famous name and family legacy

12. The Dreyfus Affair Dreyfus Evidence
Divisions within French society came to head over controversial Dreyfus Affair, revealing extent of French anti-Semitism, prejudice toward Jews
Alfred Dreyfus, captain in French army, Jewish
Falsely accused of betraying military secrets to Germany
Anti-Semitic officers knew he was not guilty, let Dreyfus take blame
Dreyfus
Dreyfus humiliated in public ceremony, uniform stripes removed, sword broken
Evidence suggested another, non-Jewish, officer may have been spy, but found not guilty in court
Dreyfus not cleared until 1906
Evidence

13. Dreyfus Affair Creates Movement
Zola
1898, French writer Émile Zola defended Dreyfus
Published letter accusing French government of anti-Semitism
Letter set off riots, led French courts to reopen Dreyfus’s case
Effects
Many political groups united into two—those for Dreyfus and those against
Theodor Herzl began Zionism movement, called for re-creation of a Jewish state in original homeland
Zionism
Herzl believed root of anti-Semitism was that Jews did not have own nation
1900s, many Jews had settled in eastern Mediterranean area, Palestine
Settlements caused other Jews to follow, Zionist movement strengthened