1. Skeletal System

2. Fun Facts
- The largest bone is the pelvis, or hip bone. In fact it is made of six bones joined firmly together.
- The longest bone is the 'femur', in the thigh. It makes up almost one quarter of the body's total height.
- The smallest bone is the 'stirrup', deep in the ear. It is hardly larger than a grain of rice.
- The ears and end of the nose do not have bones inside them. Their inner supports are cartilage or 'gristle', which is lighter and more flexible than bone. This is why the nose and ears can be bent.
- After death, cartilage rots faster than bone. This is why the skulls of skeletons have no nose or ears.

3. Comprised of 206 bones Functions:
Framework – support muscles, fat, skin
Protection – surround and protect organs
Levers – muscles attach to bones to provide movement
Production of Blood Cells – RBC, WBC, platelet production - hematopoiesis (blood cell formation)
Storage – stores most of calcium supply and some phosphorus/fats

4. Application:
Illustrate and define the 5 functions of the skeletal system.
DHO – pg. 150
BS&F pg. 87

5. 2 sections:
Axial Skeleton
Appendicular Skeleton

6. Axial Skeleton : main trunk, skull, spinal column, ribs, breastbone.

7. Application:
Outline the axial skeleton

8. Appendicular Skeleton:
Arm bones, leg bones, shoulder girdle, pelvic girdle

9. Application:
Outline the appendicular skeleton

10. Shape Categories of Bones
Long bones
Short bones
Flat bones
Irregular bones

11. Application:
List the 4 shape categories of bones and give an example of each type. Illustrate your example.
Body Structures and Function pgs

13. Long Bones Long, somewhat rounded shaft
Major bones of arms and legs are long bones

14. Short Bones
Usually shaped like a cube
Found in wrists and ankles

15. Flat Bones
Thin, relatively large in surface area, and generally curved
Fxn to protect underlying organs and to provide large areas for muscle attachments
Scapula and skull bones

16. Irregular Bones All bones which don’t fit into previous categories
Individualized shapes to fulfill specific fxns
vertebrae

17. Application: Draw a diagram of a long bone. Label:
Diaphysis, proximal and distal epiphysis, articular cartilage, red bone marrow, spongy bone, medullary cavity, artery, compact bone tissue, endosteum, yellow bone marrow, periosteum.
Using BS&F: pg 85 explain the process of bone growth

18. Long Bones
Diaphysis – long shaft
Epiphysis - ends

19. Medullary Canal – cavity of diaphysis (shaft)
Medullary Canal – cavity of diaphysis (shaft). Filled with yellow marrow which: 1) mainly storage area for fats 2) contains cells which form leukocytes

20. Endosteum
Membrane which lines the medullary canal and keeps yellow marrow intact. Also produces some bone growth.

21. Red Marrow
Found in certain bones: vertebrae, ribs, sternum, cranium, humerus and femur
Important in manufacture of blood cells and body’s immune response
Produces RBC, platelets, and some WBC’s
Often used to diagnose blood diseases and for tranplants

22. Periosteum
Outside covering: tough membrane containing blood vessels, lymph vessels, and osteoblasts (special cells which form new bone tissue)
Necessary for bone growth, repair and nutrition

23. Cranium Fontanels – soft spots
Sutures – areas where cranial bones have formed together
Sinuses – air spaces in the bones of the skull which act as resonating chambers for the voice
Foramina – openings in the bones that allow nerves and blood vessels to enter or leave bone

24. Application:
Draw a diagram of the bones of the skull and label the following

25. Spinal Column: Vertebral Column
26 vertebrae
Protect spinal cord and provide support for head and neck
7 cervical
12 thoracic
5 lumbar
1 sacrum
1 coccyx

26. Ribs 12 pairs 1st 7 pairs – true ribs
Next 5 pairs – false ribs: 1st 3 attach to ribs above and last 2 pairs don’t attach
Sternum- breastbone -3 parts: manubrium, gladiolus, xiphoid process

27. Shoulder girdle
Clavicle
Scapula

28. Bones of Arm Humerus Radius Ulna – ulna is longer than radius carpals
metacarpals
phalanges
Olecranon process - elbow

29. Pelvic Girdle
Ilium, ischium, pubis
Symphysis pubis

30. Is the skeleton male or female?

31. Skeletal System Game

32. Bones of Legs: Femur Patella – kneecap Tibia Fibula Tarsals
Metatarsals
Phalanges
Calcaneous - heel

33. Joints 2 or more bones join together
Ligaments – connective tissue bands which hold long bones to joints
Application: Read in your text about the 3 types of joints. Are all joints movable?

34. 3 types of joints: Diarthrosis – freely movable – ex: shoulder
Amphiarthrosis – slightly movable – ex: ribs to thoracic vertebrae
Synarthrosis – immovable – ex: cranium

35. Arthritis: Inflammation of joints
Osteoarthritis – usually due to aging
Rheumatoid arthritis- chronic, inflammatory disease

36. Bursitis
Inflammation of the bursae – small fluid filled sacs surrounding joints

37. Osteomyelitis
Bone inflammation usually due to a pathogen causing an abscess
Sx: pain, swelling, chills, fever
Tx: antibiotics

38. Osteoporosis Softening of the bones
Causes: hormone deficiency, prolonged lack of calcium, sedentary lifestyle
Bones becomes porous, brittle, prone to fracture
Dx: bone density test
Tx: increase calcium and vitamin D, medications to increase bone mass, hormone replacement, exercise

39. Ruptured Disk Herniated or slipped disk
Intervertebral disk (pad of cartilage) ruptures or protrudes out and causes pressure on spinal nerve
Lumbar-sacral – most common site
Sx: severe pain, numbness, impaired movement
Tx: rest, PT, massage, heat/cold, surgery

40. Fracture Crack or break in a bone
Usually detected by x-ray: 2 planes: anterior/posterior view and lateral view
Common types of fractures:
Greenstick, closed, open, impacted, comminuted, spiral, depressed, Colles

41. Greenstick fracture
Bone is bent and splits, causing a crack or incomplete break; common in children

42. Simple or closed fracture
Complete break of the bone with no damage to the skin

43. Compound or open fracture
Bones breaks and ruptures through the skin; creates an increased chance for infection

44. Impacted fracture
Broken bone ends jam into each other

45. Comminuted fracture
Bone fragments or splinters into more than 2 pieces

46. Spiral fracture
Bones twists resulting in one or more breaks; common with skiing accidents

47. Depressed fracture
Broken piece of skull bone moves inward: common with severe head injuries

48. Colles fracture
Breaking and dislocation of the distal radius that causes a characteristic bulge at the wrist; caused by falling on an outstretched hand

49. Reduction of Fractures: to put bone back in proper alignment
Closed reduction: cast/splint
Open reduction: surgical repair: pins, plates
Cast Application video

52. Dislocation
Bone forcibly displaced from joint: shoulder, fingers, hips, knees
Tx: Dislocation reduced (placed back in joint)-immobilize with cast/splint

53. Sprain Twisting action tears ligament at joint Wrists/ankles
Sx: pain, swelling, discoloration, limited movement
Tx: RICE

54. Abnormal Curvatures of Spinal Column
Kyphosis
Scoliosis
Lordosis

55. Kyphosis
Hunchback
Rounding of thoracic area

56. Kyphosis

57. Scoliosis
Lateral curvature of the spine

58. scoliosis

59. Lordosis
Swayback
Abnormal curvature of lumbar region

61. SCL animated surgery
ACL tear repair surgery

62. Foldable for ROM and Ambulatory Devices
Create a 6 section foldable and define the following:
ROM – pg 873
Crutches – pg 883
Cane – pg. 884
Walker – pg. 885
Wheelchair -
Pg 873 – Unit 23