1. Animal, Plant & Soil Science
Lesson B2-1
Cells

2. Interest Approach
Discuss the materials used to build homes (lumber, brick, nails, etc.). Emphasize that when these items are put together properly, great structures can be built, but that individually they cannot accomplish much. Compare cells with these building materials. Cells are the building blocks of an organism. When cells are linked together to form an organism, they can accomplish much more than individual cells could ever do.

3. Objectives
Explain a cell’s role and compare and contrast the types of cells (prokaryotic and eukaryotic).
Describe the components of an animal cell and explain their functions.
Describe the components of a plant cell and explain their functions.

4. Terms adenosine triphosphate chlorophyll chloroplasts biogenesis
cell membrane
cell wall
cell
cellular respiration
cellulose
chlorophyll
chloroplasts
chromosomes
cytoplasm
endoplasmic reticulum
eukaryotic cell
Golgi apparatus
lipids

5. Terms lysosomes rough endoplasmic reticulum mitochondria multicellular
nuclear membrane
nucleus
prokaryotic cell
rough endoplasmic reticulum
smooth endoplasmic reticulum
unicellular
vacuole

6. What is a cell’s role in an organism?
The cell is the basic unit of life.
Cells can be divided into two categories based on structural components: prokaryotic cells and eukaryotic cells.
A prokaryotic cell is a cell that lacks a nucleus.
A eukaryotic cell is a cell that contains a distinct nucleus.

7. What is a cell’s role in an organism?
A. The cell is considered the building block of living organisms.
Organisms are grouped by the number of cells they contain.
1. Unicellular organisms are organisms that have only one cell.
2. Multicellular organisms are organisms composed of many cells.

8. What is a cell’s role in an organism?
B. Biogenesis is the principle that life comes from life.
Nonliving things cannot produce life.
When reproducing, life produces life that is similar to itself.

9. Cells of all organisms have the same basic makeup, or structure.
What are the parts of an animal cell, and what are the functions of those parts?
Cells of all organisms have the same basic makeup, or structure.
Differences do occur, however, between the cells of plants and animals.
A. Animal cell components:
1. The cell membrane is the outside covering of the cell. It is made of a thin layer of lipids (fats).
The functions of the cell membrane are:

11. a. To separate the cell contents from the external environment.
What are the parts of an animal cell, and what are the functions of those parts?
a. To separate the cell contents from the external environment.
b. To allow raw materials (carbohydrates and proteins) to enter the cell.
c. To allow newly made proteins and waste to exit the cell.

12. 2. The nucleus is the “brain” of the cell.
What are the parts of an animal cell, and what are the functions of those parts?
2. The nucleus is the “brain” of the cell.
The nucleus controls all the cell’s activity.
It is surrounded by the nuclear membrane, which functions similarly to the cell membrane.
The nucleus also contains chromosomes, which are small strands of genetic material.

13. What are the parts of an animal cell, and what are the functions of those parts?
3. Cytoplasm is a jellylike substance between the cell membrane and the nuclear membrane.
It contains several specialized structures called organelles.
a. The endoplasmic reticulum is a network of membranes that connects the cell membrane to the nucleus.
There are two sections of the endoplasmic reticulum.
Each section has its own function.

14. What are the parts of an animal cell, and what are the functions of those parts?
(1) The smooth endoplasmic reticulum is the site for the production of lipids (fats) and hormones.
(2) The rough endoplasmic reticulum is the site for the production of proteins.

15. What are the parts of an animal cell, and what are the functions of those parts?
b. Mitochondria are small, egg-shaped organelles that manufacture adenosine triphosphate (ATP).
ATP is used as an energy source for the cell.
It converts food into energy through cellular respiration.
c. Lysosomes are round organelles that cause the digestion of proteins through the release of enzymes.
These are made by the Golgi apparatus.

16. What are the parts of an animal cell, and what are the functions of those parts?
d. The Golgi apparatus consists of flattened membrane sacs that receive substances transported from the endoplasmic reticulum.
It also stores the substances and alters their chemical structure.

17. What are the parts of a plant cell, and what are the functions of those parts?
Cells of all organisms have the same basic makeup, or structure.
Differences do occur, however, between the cells of plants and animals.
A. Plants cell components:

19. 1. The cell wall is the outside covering of the cell.
What are the parts of a plant cell, and what are the functions of those parts?
1. The cell wall is the outside covering of the cell.
It is made of multiple layers of cellulose.
Cellulose is a complex sugar molecule.
The cell wall thickens and becomes rigid once the cell stops growing.

20. 2. The nucleus is the “brain” of the cell.
What are the parts of a plant cell, and what are the functions of those parts?
2. The nucleus is the “brain” of the cell.
The nucleus controls all of the cell’s activity.
It is surrounded by the nuclear membrane, which functions similarly as the cell membrane.
The nucleus also contains chromosomes, which are small strands of genetic material.

21. What are the parts of a plant cell, and what are the functions of those parts?
3. Cytoplasm is a jellylike substance between the cell wall and the nuclear membrane.
It contains several specialized structures called organelles.
a. The endoplasmic reticulum is a network of membranes that connects the cell wall to the nucleus.
There are two sections of the endoplasmic reticulum.

22. Each section has its own function.
What are the parts of a plant cell, and what are the functions of those parts?
Each section has its own function.
(1) The smooth endoplasmic reticulum is the site for the production of lipids (fats) and hormones.
(2) The rough endoplasmic reticulum is the site for the production of proteins.

23. What are the parts of a plant cell, and what are the functions of those parts?
b. The vacuole is a large sac bound by a membrane. It may occupy up to 90 percent of the cell.
The vacuole contains water, stored foods, salts, pigments, and wastes.

24. What are the parts of a plant cell, and what are the functions of those parts?
c. Mitochondria are small, egg-shaped organelles that manufacture adenosine triphosphate (ATP).
ATP is used as an energy source for the cell.
It converts food into energy through cellular respiration.

25. What are the parts of a plant cell, and what are the functions of those parts?
d. Chloroplasts contain green pigments called chlorophyll that trap light energy for photosynthesis.
Chlorophyll is produced in cells exposed to light and is abundant in leaves.

26. What are the parts of a plant cell, and what are the functions of those parts?
e. The Golgi apparatus consists of flattened membrane sacs that receive substances transported from the endoplasmic reticulum.
It also stores the substances and alters their chemical structure.

27. Review What is a cell’s role in an organism?
What are the parts of an animal cell, and what are the functions of those parts?
What are the parts of a plant cell, and what are the functions of those parts?