1. SURFACE FEATURES ON HAWAIIAN VOLCANOES
For proper display, install the Technical font (TECHNCLN.TTF), in this same directory
GG 460 Final Project Intro.

2. ‘a‘a and pahoehoe flows on the north flank of Mauna Loa-
~3 m

3. ‘a‘a flows -

4. The top surface is relatively small, spiny clinkers

5. Air photo of the distal end of the 1942 Mauna Loa flow

6. pahoehoe flows -

7. Flow field of pahoehoe “toes”
(individual flow units) -
~0.5 m

8. Shelly pahoehoe: formed by coalescence and expansion of
gas bubbles -

9. Comparison of s-type and p-type pahoehoe
Spongy pahoehoe
(s-type) -
Pipe-vesicle-bearing
pahoehoe
(p-type) -

10. Stretched vesicle walls on the skin of s-type pahoehoe
~10 cm

11. fresh p-type (p) and s-type (s) pahoehoe

12. An ochre-colored secondary mineral (some sort of clay?)
commonly forms on non-vesicular glassy basalt surfaces
(“blue-glassy” pahoehoe doesn’t stay blue for ever) -

13. Side view into an active lava tube

14. Tumulus on 1859 Mauna Loa flow, on the coastal flat
George Walker for scale

15. ERUPTION STYLES AND
VENT FORMS

16. Pu‘u ‘O‘o scoria cone (in the early 1990s)-

17. Scoria cones on the lower south flank of Mauna Kea

18. Crude layering
in a typical
high-fountaining
deposit

19. Blanket of scoria downwind from Pu‘u ‘O‘o-

20. low fountaining, spatter cones, and spatter ramparts
(from Volcanoes in the Sea)

21. Mauna Iki satellitic shield, Kilauea SW rift zone-

22. Uplift due to lava intrusion within a satellitic shield surface
~10 m

23. The rubbly margin of one of these intrusion features

24. Small toothpaste lava lobe issuing out from the rubble

25. HYDROMAGMATIC ERUPTIONS
(Kapoho, 1960)

26. Accretionary lapilli: liquid water in the eruption cloud

27. If you find footprints, do not do this ! They are fragile.

28. Keanakako‘i hydromagmatic ash, SW of Kilauea caldera -
1971 lava

29. Windblown sand (low albedo, high temperature, smooth)
Vegatation (high in near-IR, low temperature, rough)

30. Fissures
dark in vis (shadowed)
Bright in SAR if viewed
perpendicular to fissure

31. Weathering processes on Hawaiian lava surfaces
-color (black/gray to red/brown/tan) due to Fe oxidation
-accretion of SiO2-rich coatings
-devitrification of glassy pahoehoe
-spalling of vesicular crusts -

32. Reflectance changes in wavelengths similar to Landsat
bands for some Mauna Loa ‘a‘a flows (Abrams et al. 1991) -
“redness”
increases
with age
Fe++  Fe+++ in olivine, pyroxene, magnetite causes the
reflectance decrease in shortest s
development of clay minerals causes decrease in longer s

33. Fresh Pu‘u ‘O‘o pahoehoe -
Thermal Infrared Mapping Spectrometer (TIMS): 6 bands from 8-12 m -
Fresh Pu‘u ‘O‘o pahoehoe -
-this broad peak is a result
of disordered bonds in the
glassy surface,
4  5 > 6 > 3 >> 2 > 1
Week-old Pu‘u ‘O‘o pahoehoe -
B = stretching vibrations of
Si2O5 sheet-like units,
C decreases due to devitrifi-
cation
5 > 6 > 4 > 3 >> 2 > 1

34. Week-old Pu‘u ‘O‘o pahoehoe
B = stretching vibrations of
Si2O5 sheet-like units,
C decreases due to devitrifi-
cation
5 > 6 > 4 > 3 >> 2 > 1
101 year-old Mauna Loa pahoehoe -
B = stretching vibrations of
Si2O5 sheet-like units,
C decreases due to devitrifi-
cation,
A, D = SiO and AlO vibrations
in surface crusts,
D = AlO vibrations: 3 > 2  4 > 1 > 5 > 6

35. REFERENCES FOR BASALT SPECTROSCOPY
Abrams et al. (1991) “Combined use of visible, reflected
infrared, and thermal infrared images for mapping
Hawaiian lava flows” JGR 96 no. B1: pp
Crisp et al. (1990) “Thermal infrared character of Hawaiian
basaltic glasses” JGR 95 no. B13: pp. 21,657-21,669
Kahle et al. (1988) “Relative dating of Hawaiian lava flows
using multispectral thermal infrared images: a new tool
for geologic mapping of young volcanic terranes” JGR
93 no. B12: pp. 15,239-15,251

36. PAU