1. The Solar Corridor Crop System To Maximize Sustainable Yield
C. LeRoy Deichman
Deichman Consulting
Session: Solar Corridor, Wide-Row, and Intercrop Production Systems
ASA, CSSA, and SSSA 2013 International Annual Meetings
Tampa, FL
November 3-6, 2013

2. Photosynthesis
" % of the total dry matter of higher plants usually consists of carbon compounds derived from photosynthesis....."
Loomis, R.S. and W.A. Williams
Maximum crop productivity: an estimate. Crop Sci. 3:67-72
The proper design, scope, details & sustainability specifics of The Solar Corridor Crop System (SCCS) for maximizing photosynthesis will be the focus of this paper

3. Photosynthesis CO2 CO2 CO2 CO2P CHL < CM < GL SS CS AF SUNLIGHT
CATALYST
HPF
MDAP
(kW) OF
H2O
360o Carbon Cycle
CHL – Chloroplast
CM – Chlorophyll Molecule
GL – Green Leaf
SS – Simple Sugars
CS – Complex Sugars
AF – Alcohol Fuels
HPF – High Protein (VM) Feed
MDAP – Meat, Dairy, and Animal Products
CO2P – CO2 Sourced Products
OF – Organic Fertilizer

4. SUNLIGHT in Corn Production
A Paradigm Shift
The Solar Corridor

5. SUNLIGHT in Corn Production
A Paradigm Shift
Staggered twin rows spaced far enough apart to enable sunlight to reach the lower leaves for the entire growing season
Enabling the bio capture of more CO2 for BioSynthesis into more photosynthate derived carbon compounds
Grow a shorter symbiotic crop on the vacated row that completes its peak demand for sunlight before the corn takes all of the incident sunlight

6. The New Paradigm
Enables the mature chloroplasts to capture more CO2 and produce more photosynthates
Enables the highest capacity reproductive sinks to access more photosynthates
Enables vegetative sinks to access more photosynthates
Cultivar and variety selection is site specific, production inputs then become variety specific   

7. Treatments 12 Production Environments
4 Hybrids (Designated A, B, C, and D)
4 Plant populations
3 Replications
Randomized Block Split/Split Plot design
1st split by hybrid, 2nd by plant population  
2 Row width entries
Control: Single rows on 30 or 36 inch centers
Treatment: Twin rows on 60 or 72 inch centers, respectively
All treatments were in north/south rows between 40 and 41 degrees North latitude
Deichman Consulting

8. RESPONSE OF HYBRIDS TO ROW SPACING Average Over 12 Environments And 4 Plant Populations
Deichman Consulting

9. RESPONSE OF HYBRIDS TO ROW SPACING Average Over 8 Highest Yielding Environments And 4 Plant Populations
Deichman Consulting

10. RESPONSE OF HYBRIDS TO ROW SPACING At Highest Yielding Plant Population (30,000)
Deichman Consulting

11. Plant Population and Row Width Brenton Sil – Hybrid B
Deichman Consulting

12. Plant Population and Row Width Brenton Sil – Hybrid D
Deichman Consulting

13. HYBRID C – AT 30,000 POPULATION
Site 1
Site 2
Deichman Consulting

14. Floor Crops and Effective Yields
As specifically demonstrated in Solar Corridor Floor Experiments (Deichman, and US Patent # , claims 2 and 4), we can produce other specifically chosen crops between the corn twin rows without a reduction in corn yield.  We have concluded that:
Soybeans have not (yet) proven to add yield without a negative impact on corn yield.
Winter small grains or oil seed crops with a cover/stubble crop selected for your site can add yield and sustainability benefits without a negative impact on corn yield. Also, many horticultural crops (see footnote reference) can add yield without a negative impact on corn yield.
Therefore ½ of the Solar Corridor crop acre can be assigned to corn, and the other ½ to a viable floor crop such as wheat.
The effective yields per corn acre are therefore exactly double the yields per crop acre reported on the previous charts.
1 Deichman, C. L., “Solar Corridor Floor Crop Experiments”, ASA-CSSA-SSSA International Annual Meetings, November 6-10, 2005, Salt Lake City, 147-9

15. Comparison of Crop Yields Achieving The Goal of 1000 gal/A Ethanol
Conventional Planting
The Solar Corridor System
1x Corn
Corn Field
Wheat and Clover Field
1x Wheat and Clover
≥2x Corn +
1x Wheat and Clover
Wheat and Clover Planted Between Widely-spaced Twin Rows of Corn
Using the Solar Corridor System, each of the hybrids B, C, & D yielded 192 or more bushels per crop acre (384 bushels per effective corn acre), enough for today's ethanol plants to produce 1000 gallons of ethanol (assuming 2.65 gallons/bushel yield).

16. Summary and Conclusions
Increased productivity can be achieved through the utilization of the Solar Corridor System
Sunlight is made available to more chloroplasts to produce more carbohydrates to meet sink demands through physiological maturity
Appropriately selected site specific supporting practices maximize Solar Corridor benefits
Increased Yield, Increased Sequestration of CO2
Reduces Soil Erosion and Lodging
Solar Corridor floor crop harvest options do exist
We need to further develop and refine these options

17. Summary and Conclusions (cont.)
Based on the performance data presented, the increased biosynthesis of the atmospheric CO2 currently available in the US heartland resulting from the full deployment of the proposed new paradigm:
Can produce another 30bb annual gal of anhydrous equivalent alcohol fuels,
Plus significant quantities of clean substitutes for diesel fuel, glycerol, biogas, high energy protein, etc.,
Without requiring any of our current food supply, cellulosic feedstock, or any increase in corn acres (This means no rain forest acres are required.)
If you want to run your test of the protocol we used, we encourage that. Just let us know so we can send you the full protocol