1. August 1956, Dulles’s threat
Kuril Islands
John Foster Dulles
Secretary of State
1972
Okinawa
1968 Ogasawara

2. Soviet–Japanese Joint Declaration October 19, 1956
Soviet Premier
Nikolai Bulganin
Ichiro Hatoyama

3. Remained Problems 1955-1956 Ichiro Hatoyama
1. Japan could not join United Nations, mainly because of Veto by the Soviet Union.
2. Japanese POWs in the Soviet Union and Mongolia interned to work in labor camps. Siberian Internment. (the Japanese term)
Ichiro Hatoyama
3. Kuril Issues.
4. Fishing Rights around Kuril Islands.
This declaration ended the state of war and reestablished diplomatic and consular relations between the two countries.

4. Treaty of Mutual Cooperation and Security between the United States and Japan January, 1960
Nobusuke Kishi
January 1957 – July 1960
Dwight D. Eisenhower

5. Never concede to the Soviet
Response by the Soviet Union and Dead-end Until the Dissolution
The Cold War
The Soviet Union took the position that no territorial issue existed between the two countries. The Soviet Union continued to take this position right up until Mikhail Gorbachev became Secretary-General.
Never concede to the Soviet

6. April 1991, the Japan-Soviet Joint Communiqué
Prime Minister Toshiki Kaifu
President Mikhail Gorbachev

7. Russia needed support from others
Kuril Islands dispute as ideological issue
The end of the Cold War
Russia needed support from others
Public opinion
Ideology

8. Kuril Islands dispute as ideological issue
Return of these Islands to Japan
De-Stalinization
Kuril Islands were seized by Stalin

9. Letter from the President of the Russian Federation, B. N
Letter from the President of the Russian Federation, B.N. Yeltsin, to the Russian People (1991)
“…I fully agree with you in that the current generation of Russians is not responsible for the political "adventurism" of the former leaders of our country…resolving problems which we inherited from the policies of previous eras…the future of a new democratic Russia as a member of the international community…depends on how fast we manage to overcome the difficult heritage of the past…
One of the problems…is reaching a final post-War settlement in our relations with Japan…it would be unforgivable to continue to endure a situation where relations with Japan remain practically frozen because of the absence of a peace treaty between the two countries.
…we will be guided by the principles of justice and humanism, and we will firmly defend the interests and dignity of Russians including those of the inhabitants of the Southern Kuriles. I assure you that no inhabitant of the Southern Kuriles will see their future ruined…”

10. October 1993 The Tokyo Declaration
President Boris Yeltsin
Morihiro Hosokawa

11. Negotiation guidelines:
October 1993 The Tokyo Declaration
Negotiation guidelines:
The Northern Territories issue should be resolved
on the basis of historical and legal facts.
(ii) based on the documents to which both
parties agreed,
(iii)based on the principles of law and justice
The joint compendium of materials on the History of the Territorial Issue 1992 and 2001.
President Boris Yeltsin
Morihiro Hosokawa

12. Yoshiro Mori
March 2001
Irkutsk Statement on the Continuation of Future Negotiations on the Issue of a Peace Treaty

13. Grave of Mori’s father
25 March 2001

14. The Window of Opportunity is Open
The window was closed for almost 10 years…

15. “Hajime (Start!) and Hikiwake! (A Draw!)”
2001 Irkutsk Statement
1993 The Tokyo Declaration
1956 Soviet–Japanese Joint Declaration
1 March, 2012

16. March 21, 2013 Yoshiro Mori Prime Minister of Japan
April 2000 – April 2001
March 21, 2013

17. Stolypin
Yoshiro Mori

18. Why did Putin say “Hajime” ?
China’s Rise
Japan and Russia need each other
Public opinion has changed

19. Why Japan and Russia Need Each Other?
Balancing and Security
Against China at sea and the Far East.
North Korea, a nuclear weapon.
2. Resource (Market)
Natural gas, oil, food. Natural disaster. .

20. Russia China Japan United States
Japan as a useful counterweight against China and as another source of potential investment for reviving the Far East.
Russia
China
Japan
Fear of becoming too closely intertwined with Beijing has been a major factor driving Russian officials to seek better relations with Tokyo.
United States
Japan is also a close ally of the United States, and relations with U.S. are never far from Russian calculations on Japan.
“Russian Foreign Policy, Jeffrey Mankoff.”