1. 5.3 Atomic Emission Spectra
Chapter 5
Electrons In Atoms
5.1 Revising the Atomic Model
5.2 Electron Arrangement in Atoms
5.3 Atomic Emission Spectra
and the Quantum
Mechanical Model
Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved.

2. Objectives Explain light and atomic emission spectra
Calculate wavelength or frequency
Describe Einstein’s explanation of the photoelectric effect
Explain how the frequencies of light emitted by an atom are related to changes of electron energies
Distinguish between quantum mechanics and classical mechanics
Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved.

3. What gives gas-filled lights their colors?
CHEMISTRY & YOU
What gives gas-filled lights their colors?
An electric current passing through the gas in each glass tube makes the gas glow with its own characteristic color.
Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved.

4. Light and Atomic Emission Spectra
What causes atomic emission spectra?
spectrum: wavelengths of visible light that are separated when a beam of light passes through a prism; range of wavelengths of electromagnetic radiation.
atomic emission spectrum: the pattern formed when light passes through a prism or diffraction grating to separate it into the different frequencies of light it contains.
Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved.

5. Light and Atomic Emission Spectra
The Nature of Light
By the year 1900, there was enough experimental evidence to convince scientists that light consisted of waves (a disturbance or variation that transfers energy progressively from point to point, Merriam-Webster’s dictionary).
The amplitude of a wave is the wave’s height from zero to the crest.
The wavelength, represented by  (the Greek letter lambda), is the distance between the crests.
Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved.

6. Light and Atomic Emission Spectra
The Nature of Light
The frequency, represented by  (the Greek letter nu), is the number of wave cycles to pass a given point per unit of time.
The SI unit of cycles per second is called the hertz (Hz).
Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved.

7. Light and Atomic Emission Spectra
The Nature of Light
The product of frequency and wavelength equals a constant (c), the speed of light.
c = ln
Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved.

8. Light and Atomic Emission Spectra
The frequency () and wavelength () of light are inversely proportional to each other. As the wavelength increases, the frequency decreases.
Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved.

9. Light and Atomic Emission Spectra
The Nature of Light
According to the wave model, light consists of electromagnetic waves.
Electromagnetic radiation includes radio waves, microwaves, infrared waves, visible light, ultraviolet waves, X-rays, and gamma rays.
All electromagnetic waves travel in a vacuum at a speed of  108 m/s.
Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved.

10. Light and Atomic Emission Spectra
The Nature of Light
The sun and incandescent light bulbs emit white light, which consists of light with a continuous range of wavelengths and frequencies.
When sunlight passes through a prism, the different wavelengths separate into a spectrum of colors.
In the visible spectrum, red light has the longest wavelength and the lowest frequency.
Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved.

11. Light and Atomic Emission Spectra
The electromagnetic spectrum consists of radiation over a broad range of wavelengths.
Low energy
( = 700 nm)
High energy
( = 380 nm)
Frequency  (s-1)
3 x 106
3 x 1012
3 x 1022
102
10-8
10-14
Wavelength  (m)
Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved.

12. Light and Atomic Emission Spectra
When atoms absorb energy, their electrons move to higher energy levels. These electrons lose energy by emitting light when they return to lower energy levels.
Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved.

13. Light and Atomic Emission Spectra
A prism separates light into the colors it contains. White light produces a rainbow of colors.
Screen
Slit
Prism
Light
bulb
Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved.

14. Light and Atomic Emission Spectra
Light from a helium lamp produces discrete lines.
Screen
Slit
Prism
Helium
lamp
Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved.

15. Light and Atomic Emission Spectra
The energy absorbed by an electron for it to move from its current energy level to a higher energy level is _______to the energy of the light emitted by the electron as it drops back to its original energy level.
The wavelengths of the spectral lines are _____________ of the element, and they make up the atomic emission spectrum of the element.
No two elements have the _______ emission spectrum.
identical
characteristic
same
Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved.

16. Calculating the Wavelength of Light
Sample Problem 5.2
Calculating the Wavelength of Light
Calculate the wavelength of the yellow light emitted by a sodium lamp if the frequency of the radiation is 5.09 × 1014 Hz (5.09 × 1014/s).
Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved.

17. Analyze List the knowns and the unknown.
Sample Problem 5.2 1
Analyze List the knowns and the unknown. ln
Use the equation c = ____ to solve for the unknown wavelength.
KNOWNS
frequency (n) = 5.09 × 1014 /s
c = × 108 m/s
UNKNOWN
wavelength (l) = ? m
Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved.

18. Calculate Solve for the unknown.
Sample Problem 5.2
Calculate Solve for the unknown. 2
Rearrange the equation to solve for l.
Solve for l by dividing both sides by n: = n c ln
c = ln
l = n c
Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved.

19. Calculate Solve for the unknown.
Sample Problem 5.2
Calculate Solve for the unknown. 2
Substitute the known values for n and c into the equation and solve.
 = = = 5.89  10–7 m
c  108 m/s
  1014 /s
Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved.

20. Evaluate Does the answer make sense?
Sample Problem 5.2 3
Evaluate Does the answer make sense?
The magnitude of the frequency is much larger than the numerical value of the speed of light, so the answer should be much less than 1. The answer should have 3 significant figures.
Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved.

21. What is the frequency of a red laser that has a wavelength of 676 nm?
Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved.

22. What is the frequency of a red laser that has a wavelength of 676 nm?
c = ln c 
 =
 = = = 4.43  1014 m
c  108 m/s
  10–7 /s
Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved.

23. The Quantum Concept and Photons
How did Einstein explain the photoelectric effect?
Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved.

24. The Quantum Concept and Photons
The Quantization of Energy
German physicist Max Planck (1858–1947) showed mathematically that the amount of radiant energy (E) of a single quantum absorbed or emitted by a body is proportional to the frequency of radiation (n).
E n or E = hn
Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved.

25. The Quantum Concept and Photons
The Quantization of Energy
The constant (h), which has a value of  10–34 J·s (J is the joule, the SI unit of energy), is called Planck’s constant.
E n or E = hn
Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved.

26. The Quantum Concept and Photons
The Photoelectric Effect
Albert Einstein used Planck’s quantum theory to explain the photoelectric effect.
In the photoelectric effect, electrons are ejected when light shines on a metal.
Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved.

27. The Quantum Concept and Photons
The Photoelectric Effect
Not just any frequency of light will cause the photoelectric effect.
Red light will not cause potassium to eject electrons, no matter how intense the light.
Yet a very weak yellow light shining on potassium begins the effect.
Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved.

28. The Quantum Concept and Photons
The Photoelectric Effect
The photoelectric effect could not be explained by classical physics.
Classical physics correctly described light as a form of energy.
But, it assumed that under weak light of any wavelength, an electron in a metal should eventually collect enough energy to be ejected.
Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved.

29. The Quantum Concept and Photons
The Photoelectric Effect
To explain the photoelectric effect, Einstein proposed that light could be described as quanta of energy that behave as if they were particles.
Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved.

30. The Quantum Concept and Photons
The Photoelectric Effect
These light quanta are called photons.
Einstein’s theory that light behaves as a stream of particles explains the photoelectric effect and many other observations.
Light behaves as waves in other situations; we must consider that light possesses both wave-like and particle-like properties.
Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved.

31. The Quantum Concept and Photons
The Photoelectric Effect
No electrons are ejected because the frequency of the light is below the threshold frequency.
If the light is at or above the threshold frequency, electrons are ejected.
If the frequency is increased, the ejected electrons will travel faster.
Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved.

32. Calculating the Energy of a Photon
Sample Problem 5.3
Calculating the Energy of a Photon
What is the energy of a photon of microwave radiation with a frequency of 3.20 × 1011/s?
Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved.

33. Analyze List the knowns and the unknown.
Sample Problem 5.3 1
Analyze List the knowns and the unknown.
Use the equation E = _____ to calculate the energy of the photon.
h × n
KNOWNS
frequency (n) = 3.20 × 1011/s
h = × 10–34 J·s
UNKNOWN
energy (E) = ? J
Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved.

34. Calculate Solve for the unknown.
Sample Problem 5.3 2
Calculate Solve for the unknown.
Substitute the known values for n and h into the equation and solve.
E = h  = (6.626  10–34 J·s)  (3.20  1011/s)
= 2.12  10–22 J
Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved.

35. Sample Problem 5.3 3
Evaluate Does the result make sense?
Individual photons have very small energies, so the answer seems reasonable.
Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved.

36. What is the frequency of a photon whose energy is 1.166  10–17 J?
 = ________________________________
Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved.

37. What is the frequency of a photon whose energy is 1.166  10–17 J?
E = h n
n = h E
 = = =  1016 Hz
E  10–34 J
h  10–17 J·s
Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved.

38. An Explanation of Atomic Spectra
How are the frequencies of light emitted by an atom related to changes of electron energies?
Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved.

39. An Explanation of Atomic Spectra
When an electron has its lowest possible energy, the atom is in its ground state.
In the ground state, the principal quantum number (n) is 1.
Excitation of the electron by absorbing energy raises the atom to an excited state with n = 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6, and so forth.
A quantum of energy in the form of light is emitted when the electron drops back to a lower energy level.
Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved.

40. An Explanation of Atomic Spectra
The light emitted by an electron moving from a higher to a lower energy level has a frequency directly proportional to the energy change of the electron.
Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved.

41. An Explanation of Atomic Spectra
The three groups of lines in the hydrogen spectrum correspond to the transition of electrons from higher energy levels to lower energy levels.
Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved.

42. CHEMISTRY & YOU
The glass tubes in lighted signs contain helium, neon, argon, krypton, or xenon gas, or a mixture of these gases. Why do the colors of the light depend on the gases that are used?
Each different gas has its own characteristic emission spectrum, creating different colors of light when excited electrons return to the ground state.
Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved.

43. In the hydrogen spectrum, which of the following transitions produces a spectral line of the greatest energy?
A. n = 2 to n = 1
B. n = 3 to n = 2
C. n = 4 to n = 3
Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved.

44. How does quantum mechanics differ from classical mechanics?
Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved.

45. Quantum Mechanics
Given that light behaves as waves and particles, can particles of matter behave as waves?
Louis de Broglie referred to the wavelike behavior of particles as matter waves.
His reasoning led him to a mathematical expression for the wavelength of a moving particle.
Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved.

46. The Wavelike Nature of Matter
Quantum Mechanics
The Wavelike Nature of Matter
Today, the wavelike properties of beams of electrons are useful in viewing objects that cannot be viewed with an optical microscope.
The electrons in an electron microscope have much smaller wavelengths than visible light.
These smaller wavelengths allow a much clearer enlarged image of a very small object, such as this pollen grain, than is possible with an ordinary microscope.
Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved.

47. Quantum Mechanics
Classical mechanics adequately describes the motions of bodies much larger than atoms, while quantum mechanics describes the motions of subatomic particles and atoms as waves.
Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved.

48. The Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle
Quantum Mechanics
The Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle
The Heisenberg uncertainty principle states that it is impossible to know both the velocity and the position of a particle at the same time.
This limitation is critical when dealing with small particles such as electrons.
But it does not matter for ordinary-sized objects such as cars or airplanes.
Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved.

49. To locate an electron, you might strike it with a photon.
Quantum Mechanics
To locate an electron, you might strike it with a photon.
The electron has such a small mass that striking it with a photon affects its motion in a way that cannot be predicted accurately.
The very act of measuring the position of the electron changes its velocity, making its velocity uncertain.
After collision: The impact changes the electron’s velocity, making it uncertain.
Before collision: A photon strikes an electron during an attempt to observe the electron’s position.
Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved.

50. __________________________
The Heisenberg uncertainty principle states that it is impossible to simultaneously know which two attributes of a particle?
velocity and position
__________________________
Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved.

51. Key Concepts and Key Equations
When atoms absorb energy, their electrons move to higher energy levels. These electrons lose energy by emitting light when they return to lower energy levels.
To explain the photoelectric effect, Einstein proposed that light could be described as quanta of energy that behave as if they were particles.
The light emitted by an electron moving from a higher to a lower energy level has a frequency directly proportional to the energy change of the electron.
Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved.

52. Key Concepts and Key Equations
Classical mechanics adequately describes the motions of bodies much larger than atoms, while quantum mechanics describes the motions of subatomic particles and atoms as waves.
C = ln
E = h  n
Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved.

53. amplitude: the height of a wave’s crest
Glossary Terms
amplitude: the height of a wave’s crest
wavelength: the distance between adjacent crests of a wave
frequency: the number of wave cycles that pass a given point per unit of time; frequency and wavelength are inversely proportional to each other
hertz: the unit of frequency, equal to one cycle per second
Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved.

54. Glossary Terms
electromagnetic radiation: energy waves that travel in a vacuum at a speed of  108 m/s; includes radio waves, microwaves, infrared waves, visible light, ultraviolet waves, X-rays, and gamma rays
spectrum: wavelengths of visible light that are separated when a beam of light passes through a prism; range of wavelengths of electromagnetic radiation
Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved.

55. Glossary Terms
atomic emission spectrum: the pattern formed when light passes through a prism or diffraction grating to separate it into the different frequencies of light it contains
Planck’s constant: the constant (h) by which the amount of radiant energy (E) is proportional to the frequency of the radiation (n)
photoelectric effect: the phenomenon in which electrons are ejected when light shines on a metal
Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved.

56. Glossary Terms
photon: a quantum of light; a discrete bundle of electromagnetic energy that interacts with matter similarly to particles
ground state: the lowest possible energy of an atom described by quantum mechanics
Heisenberg uncertainty principle: it is impossible to know both the velocity and the position of a particle at the same time
Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved.

57. Electrons and the Structure of Atoms
BIG IDEA
Electrons and the Structure of Atoms
Electrons can absorb energy to move from one energy level to a higher energy level.
When an electron moves from a higher energy level back down to a lower energy level, light is emitted.
Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved.

58. END OF 5.3
Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved.