1. Humans and Apes:
Comparing Features

2. Comparison of Features: Table Clues
Table I: Quadraped & Biped Characteristics
Posture: Bent over or Upright
Type of Locomotion: Quadrapedal or Bipedal
Shape of Lumbar Region: (Describe the shape.)
Leg and Arm Length: (Describe their lengths compared to each other.)
Position of Hind Legs: Bent or Straight
Position of Center of Gravity: (Describe its location.)
Shape of Pelvis: Bowl shaped OR Elongated)
Location of Upper Body Weight on the Femur: Inside or Outside of the Lower Portion of the Femur
Arches of Feet: Low Arch (flat) or High Arch
Position of Big Toe: Opposable Big Toe or In line with other toes
Table II: Ape and Human Skulls
Cranial Capacity: (Compare the size of their brain space.)
Length and Size of Jaw: (Compare their length and size.)
Facial Profile (Prognathism): Sloping Profile or Vertical Profile
Brow Ridge (Supra-orbital ridge): Present or Absent
Dental Arcade: U-shaped (parallel sides) or V-shaped (parabola shape)
Number of Teeth: (Give total number of teeth in lower jaw.)
Molars: (Give total number of teeth in lower jaw.)
Premolars: (Give total number of teeth in lower jaw.)
Canine: (Give total number of teeth in lower jaw.)
Incisors: (Give total number of teeth in lower jaw.)
Size of Canine Teeth: (Describe the size of the canines).
Gaps in Teeth: (Do the teeth have gaps between them? Look specifically at the canines.)

3. Posture... Humans Apes Upright Bipedal (Walk on 2 feet) Bent over
Quadrupedal
“knuckle-walking”

4. CHARACTERISTICS
Shape of Lumbar Region
Position of Hind Legs
Position of Center of Gravity
Location of Upper Body Weight on the Femur

5. CHARACTERISTICS
Posture
Type of Locomotion
Leg & Arm Length
Shape of the Pelvis
Arches of Feet
Position of big Toe

6. Bent forward from spine
Skull
Apes
Humans
Bent forward from spine
Rugged surface
Thick brow ridge
Sagittal crest
Box or v-shaped jaw
Held upright on spine
Smooth surface
U shaped jaw
Photo from:

7. Comparison of Ape & Human Skulls
CHARACTERISTICS
Cranium Capacity
Facial Slope
Supra-Orbital Ridge
CHARACTERISTICS
Incisors = I
Canines = C
Premolars = P
Molars = M I I I I I I I I C C C C P P P P P P P P M M M M M M M M M M M M

8. Arm & Leg Length Humans Apes Arms longer than legs Arms for swinging
Legs longer than arms
Legs for striding

9. Big toe in line with others
Feet
Humans
Apes
Low arches
Opposable toes
Used for grasping
High arches
Big toe in line with others
Used for walking

10. Teeth Humans Apes Large teeth Large canines Large gaps between
canines & other teeth
Small teeth
Small canines
Small/no gaps between
canines & other teeth

11. Face Humans Apes Sloping profile Acute angle Jaw juts out
Wide nasal opening
Vertical profile
~90o angle
Distinct chin
Narrow nasal opening

12. (among living species) (from ancient to modern)
Brain Size
Humans
Apes
Smaller brain cc
(among living species)
Larger brain cc
(from ancient to modern)

13. Age at Puberty
Humans
Apes
Between 10 and 13
Usually 13 or older

14. Various, specific times
Breeding Season
Humans
Apes
Various, specific times
each year
Ex: spring time
Continuous cycles
throughout the year