1. Biology
and the
Study of Life
Chapter 1C

2. The Attributes of Life Exhibits movement Achieves growth Reproduces
Comes from similar preexisting life
Has similar chemical makeup

3. The Attributes of Life Is composed of cells Exhibits irritability
Requires energy
Maintains a high level of organization
Faces death

4. The Attributes of Life
Exhibits movement
Locomotion
Internal

5. The Attributes of Life Achieves growth
Growth by assimilation, not by accumulation

6. The Attributes of Life Reproduces
Living things reproduce by making offspring similar to the original parent(s).

7. The Attributes of Life Comes from similar preexisting life Biogenesis
Variation with limitation

8. The Attributes of Life Has similar chemical makeup Organic Inorganic
Protoplasm

9. Is water organic or inorganic?

10. The Attributes of Life Is composed of cells
A cell is the smallest unit of life.
Unicellular
Multicellular

11. The Attributes of Life Exhibits irritability
The ability to respond to stimuli in the environment

12. The Attributes of Life Requires energy
Some organisms (but NOT all) obtain their energy from food.
Food: an organic, energy-containing substance

13. The Attributes of Life
Maintains a high level of organization

14. The Attributes of Life
Faces death

15. The Living Condition Physical life Spiritual life
A condition, not a substance
Spiritual life

16. The Study of Life
Microscopes

17. History of Microscopes
Simple microscopes
Single lens
Anton van Leeuwenhoek: “The Father of Microscopy”
Compound microscopes
Two lenses
Zacharias Janssen

18. The Compound Light Microscope
Body tube
Revolving nosepiece
Coarse adjustment knob
Fine adjustment knob
Arm
Base
Inclination joint

19. The Compound Light Microscope
Stage
Stage clips
Eyepiece or ocular lens
Objective lenses
Substage condenser
Light source

21. The Compound Light Microscope
The magnifying power of a microscope is equal to the power of the ocular lens times the power of the objective lens.
Ex: ocular = 10X; objective = 40X
Magnifying power = 400X

22. Electron Microscopes Magnify from 1,500 to 250,000 times
Electrons replace light rays.
Greater magnification and resolution
Resolution: ability to distinguish fine detail

23. Electron Microscopes Produce electron micrographs Two types
Transmission
Scanning

24. Validity of Biological Studies
Errors can be made by the biologist in his observations.
Errors can result if the specimen is atypical.
Errors can be made when crude techniques are used.