1. Fundamentals of Corporate Finance
Sixth Edition
Richard A. Brealey
Stewart C. Myers
Alan J. Marcus
Chapter 9
Project Analysis
Slides by
Matthew Will
McGraw Hill/Irwin
Copyright © 2009 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved

2. Topics Covered How Firms Organize the Investment Process
Some “What If” Questions
Sensitivity Analysis
Scenario Analysis
Break Even Analysis
Real Options and the Value of Flexibility 2

3. Capital Budgeting Process
Capital Budget - The list of planned investment projects.
The Decision Process
Develop and rank all investment projects = The Capital Budget
Authorize projects based on:
Outlays required by law or company policy
Maintenance or cost reduction
Capacity expansion in existing business
Investment for new products 4

4. Capital Budgeting Process
Capital Budgeting Problems
Ensuring that forecasts are consistent
Eliminating conflicts of interest
Reducing forecast bias
Sorting the wheat from the chaff - Selection criteria (NPV and others) 5

5. How To Handle Uncertainty
Sensitivity Analysis - Analysis of the effects on project profitability of changes in sales, costs, etc.
Scenario Analysis - Project analysis given a particular combination of assumptions.
Simulation Analysis - Estimation of the probabilities of different possible outcomes.
Break Even Analysis - Analysis of the level of sales at which the company breaks even. 6

6. Sensitivity Analysis Example
Given the expected cash flow forecasts listed on the next slide, determine the NPV of the project given changes in the cash flow components using an 8% cost of capital. Assume that all variables remain constant, except the one you are changing. 7

7. Sensitivity Analysis
Example – continued (,000s)
NPV= $478 8

8. Sensitivity Analysis
Example - continued
Possible Outcomes 9

9. Sensitivity Analysis Example - continued
NPV Calculations for Pessimistic Investment Scenario
NPV= ($121) 10

10. Sensitivity Analysis
Example - continued
NPV Possibilities 11

11. Scenario Analysis
Example - continued
Cash Flows (years 1-12) 11

12. Break Even Analysis Example
Given the forecasted data on the next slide, determine the number of planes that the company must produce in order to break even, on an NPV basis. The company’s cost of capital is 10%. 12

13. Break Even Analysis 13

14. Break Even Analysis Answer (Accounting)
The break even point, is the # of Planes Sold where the fixed costs and depreciation = $0.
46 planes per year must be sold…or 280 planes over 6 years. 14

15. Break Even Analysis Answer (Finance)
The break even point, is the # of Planes Sold that generates a NPV=$0.
The present value annuity factor of a 6 year cash flow at 10% is 4.355
Thus, 14

16. Break Even Analysis
Answer
Solving for “Planes Sold” 15

17. Operating Leverage
Operating Leverage- The degree to which costs are fixed.
Degree of Operating Leverage (DOL) - Percentage change in profits given a 1 percent change in sales. 16

18. Operating Leverage
Example - A company has sales outcomes that range from $16mil to $19 mil, Depending on the economy. The same conditions can produce profits in the range from $550,000 to $1,112,000. What is the DOL? 18

19. Flexibility & Real Options
Decision Trees - Diagram of sequential decisions and possible outcomes.
Decision trees help companies determine their Options by showing the various choices and outcomes.
The Option to avoid a loss or produce extra profit has value.
The ability to create an Option thus has value that can be bought or sold. 19

20. Decision Trees Success Test (Invest $200,000)
Pursue project NPV=$2million
Failure
Stop project
NPV=0
Don’t test
NPV=0

21. Real Options Option to expand Option to abandon Timing option
Flexible production facilities 19

22. Web Resources www.jaxworks.com www.crystalball.com www.toolkit.cch.com