1. RECONSTRUCTION
Chapter 3

2. Reconstruction was….
The federal government’s controversial effort to 1. repair the damage to the South and 2. to restore southern states to the Union

3. Timing of Reconstruction
Lasted from
That would be 12 years and involved four presidents!

4. Farmland, machinery, work animals, livestock, and buildings destroyed
Physical Damage
Farmland, machinery, work animals, livestock, and buildings destroyed
9,000 miles of railroads
2/3 of all shipping

5. Ruined building in the burned district – Richmond, VA
Ruined building in Richmond’s burned district.
Ruined building in the burned district – Richmond, VA

6. Ruins of a papermill and machinery – Richmond, VA

7. Ruins of Gallego Flour Mill - Richmond, VA

8. Ruins of a paper mill w/ waterwheel - Richmond, VA

9. Charleston, SC
April 1865

10. Charleston, SC
April 1865

11. Charleston, SC
April 1865

12. Atlanta, GA
April 1865

13. Vicinity of Atlanta, GA - 1864

14. Roadways, bridges, tunnels (infrastructure)
Physical Damage, cont.
Roadways, bridges, tunnels (infrastructure)
Miscellaneous buildings and factories

16. Civil War Aftermath Devastating physical toll to the South
Total human casualties- over 1 million
Southern Hardships affected
a. Black southerners
b. Plantation owners
c. Poor white southerners

17. Death Tolls
Northern Death Toll 364,000 deaths (38,000 were African Americans)
Southern Death Toll 260,000 deaths 1/5th of all adult white males were dead 1 out of 3 males were killed or wounded

18. Consider This . . . Who are the workers in the economy?
What now happens to the women and children?

19. Southern Hardships Freed Slaves (Freedmen)
New life in poor economic area
Homeless
Hungry
Unemployed

20. Stay or Go?

21. Southern Hardships, cont.
Plantation Owners
Loss of slave labor
Land was often seized by the government

22. Southern Hardships, cont.
Poor White Southerners
Competing against former slaves (freedmen) for jobs
Many migrated to Mississippi and Texas for jobs

23. Plantation Life Changes
Freedman now have choice – to stay or to leave
Plantation owners now have to pay salaries for labor

24. Changes in Farming
Plantations divided up land & hired people to work it
Sharecropping – farmer receives a share of the harvest time as payment
Tenant Farming – farmer rents land from planter/land owner

25. Effects on the South Changes in Labor Force Focus on Cash Crops
Cycle of Debt
Rise of Merchants

26. Reintegrating the South
Problem #1 Determine the role of the freedmen

27. Problem #2 Define the role and acceptable power of former Confederates within their states and within the nation

28. Problem #3 Determine which branch of government would be responsible for overseeing reconstruction

29. Pardon – forgiveness of a crime
Vocabulary Terms
Pardon – forgiveness of a crime
Amnesty – pardons for a group of people

30. Two Plans for Reconstruction
Lincoln’s Plan (10% Plan)
Johnson’s Plan
(Presidential Reconstruction)

31. Lincoln’s Plan
10% of white men to swear allegiance to the Union & free slaves were then given a pardon

32. Former Confederates can run local governments
Lincoln’s Plan
Former Confederates can run local governments
10% agreement allowed full participation in the Union

33. Lincoln’s Plan - PROBLEMS
No role for freed men identified
No guarantee of rights or future rights

34. Primary Concerns with Lincoln’s Plan
Wade-Davis Bill
Radical Republicans in Congress disagreed with Lincoln’s plan and created the Wade-Davis Bill
Primary Concerns with Lincoln’s Plan
HE DID NOT PUNISH THE REBELS! FELT LINCOLN WAS TOO EASY ON SOUTH

35. Lincoln is assassinated
April 1865
Lincoln is assassinated
13th amendment officially ends slavery in all of the United States

36. Lincoln Assassination36

37. John Wilkes Booth Famous Actor Most Handsome Man in the America
Hated Lincoln & worked as a spy for the south

39. April 14, 1865
Booth enters box & shoots Lincoln in the head

41. Andrew Johnson, (southern democrat, former slave owner) administered his own new policy
President!

42. Granted amnesty to former Confederates who signed loyalty oath
The Johnson Plan
Granted amnesty to former Confederates who signed loyalty oath
Restored all property, except slaves and confiscated lands

43. Johnson’s Plan Voided secession laws and ratify the 13th amendment
Cancelled war debts

44. Johnson’s Plan - PROBLEMS
More generous to the south!
Amnesty awarded to “certain” southerners
Flawed election process (blacks excluded from voting)

45. Consider This . . . Who are not considered in the two plans?
What will the freedmen do?
How did the freedmen’s lives change?

46. Food, Clothing and Shelter?
Freedom
The joys of freedom…
Freedom of movement, land ownership, education, etc.
The realities of life…
Food, Clothing and Shelter?

47. Freedmen’s Bureau Developed to help former slaves
Provided food, schools, legal help, etc
Unpopular with many white southerners
Vetoed by Johnson

49. Anger at being forced to submit to the acts of Reconstruction leads to defiance
Fear of loss of power leads to…

50. Black Code Sample The Black Codes
Here is an edited example of one of the Black Codes:
The Black Codes
Now that the slaves have become emancipated, it is necessary to pass regulations that preserve public order. These regulations must also preserve the comfort and correct behavior of the former slaves. Therefore, the following rules have been adopted with the approval of the United States military authorities who have commanded this area.
1) Every Negro is required to be in the regular service of some white person or former owner, who shall be held responsible for the conduct of that Negro.
2) No public meetings or congregations of Negroes shall be allowed after sunset. Such public meetings may be held during the day with the permission of the local captain in charge of the area.
3) No Negro shall be permitted to preach or otherwise speak out to congregations of colored people without special permission in writing from the government.
4) Negroes may legally marry, own property and sue and be sued in a court of law.
5) Negroes may not serve on juries.
6) A Negro may not testify against a white person in a Court of Law.
7) It shall be illegal for a Negro or a person of Negro descent to marry a white person.
8) No Negro shall be permitted outside in public after sundown without permission in writing from the government. A Negro conducting business for a white person may do so but only under the direct supervision of his employer.
9) No Negro shall sell, trade, or exchange merchandise within this area without the special written permission of his employer.
10) No Negro who is not in the military service shall be allowed to carry firearms or any kind or weapons of any type without the special written permission of his employers.

51. BLACK CODES
set limits on the rights and opportunities of African Americans
helped planters find workers to replace freed slaves
barred freedmen from any job but farm work and unskilled labor
Set curfews
Punishments for vagrancy (not working)
Radical Republicans in congress see the codes as a way for white southerners to get around the efforts of congress so…

52. Radical Reconstruction
Reconstruction Act of 1867
-passed by radical republicans
-state governments declared illegal
-south divided into 5 military districts except Tenn.

53. Radical Reconstruction
To rejoin the Union:
Adopt a constitution guaranteeing all male citizens the right to vote
Elect a new government
No white southern who served as conf. soldier/official could vote on new constitution
Ratify the 14th Amendment

54. Radical Reconstruction
Civil Rights Act of 1866 – outlawed Black Codes
Johnson vetoed bill BUT…
Congress overrode the veto!

55. 15th Amendment Grants African Am. Right to vote
Election of 1870 – many angry white southerners refused to vote
More than 600 African Americans were elected to southern legislatures and 16 black men were elected to congress

56. Radical Reconstruction
Radical Republicans passed two laws to reduce Presidential Power
The Command of the Army Act
(limits presidential power over the army)
2. The Tenure of Office Act (removes presidential power to fire without Senate approval)

57. Impeachment! Congressional power growing Johnson fires Sec. of War
-The House votes to “impeach” Johnson
(to accuse of wrongdoing and bring to trial)
-President escapes removal by only 1 vote

58. Impeachment Process House of Rep votes for Impeachment
Trial held in the Senate w/ Senators as Jury
Trial run by Chief Justice of Supreme Court

59. Southern Republicans
1. Scalawags – White southern Republicans; most were poor farmers who were against leaving the Union

60. 2. Carpetbaggers
Northern Republicans who moved south. Seen as greedy men seeking power and a quick dollar. Most were honest and educated.

61. Election of 1868

62. Election of 1868 Rep – Ulysses Grant Dem – Horatio Seymour
Grant wins by a narrow victory
Wins by “Waving the Bloody Shirt”

63. Rise of KKK – violent response to Radical Reconstruction

64. The goal of denying African-Americans their rights and keep them in the role of submissive laborers

66. Ku Klux Klan Started in 1866 by 6 former Confederate soldiers
Members wore robes and masks to look like the ghosts of dead Confederate soldiers who returned for revenge against enemies of the South.

67. Ku Klux Klan Gradually absorbed other smaller organizations over time
Name from the Greek word kuklos, meaning “circle”

68. A cartoon threatening that the KKK would lynch carpetbaggers, Tuscaloosa, AL, Independent Monitor (1868) 

70. The End of Reconstruction
By 1870 all Southern States were back in the Union
Reconstruction was a dying issue

71. The End of Reconstruction
Why did Reconstruction end?
Heavy taxes
Corruption
Lack of northern support for racial equality
The Solid South – Southern Democrats reversed many of the reforms

72. Election of 1876

73. Election of 1876 Rep – Rutherford B. Hayes Dem – Samuel Tilden
Tilden wins popular vote BUT a dispute over electoral votes

74. Election of 1876 The votes for FL, LA, & SC were in question
Congress chose Hayes!
Democrats Outraged!

75. The Compromise of 1877
The Democrats agree to give Rutherford B. Hayes the presidency in return for the removal of all federal troops from the Southern States
Hayes’ removal of troops from the south is regarded as
the end of reconstruction!

76. Reconstruction Successes
Rebuilt Union & Repaired South
Economic Growth in South
13th, 14th, & 15th, Amendments
Freedmen’s Bureau
Public Schools - South

77. Reconstruction Failures
African Am Lacked pol. power
Racism in North & South
Left Southern Bitterness
South still focus on Agriculture
Didn’t address women’s rights & safe working conditions (north)