1. Formal programs teaching critical appraisal in evidence-based medicine.
Stephen D. Simon
Department of Biomedical and Health Informatics, School of Medicine, University of Missouri-Kansas City.
P.Mean Consulting
Special thanks to Monica Gaddis who shared her thoughts and experiences with the journal club that she has run for the past several years.

2. Introduction
I started attending journal clubs for medical residents in the late 1990’s.
Informal at first
Show up, talk a bit, answer a few questions.
Later I realized that this was an opportunity to teach statistics in a different way.
Recently, a colleague, Monica Gaddis, has taken this opportunity even further.

5. Many famous papers that have changed how we think about research.

6. Teaching from an EBM perspective
Developing a research hypothesis.
Think of the research hypothesis as the well defined format for an answerable question in EBM. It should (usually) have the four PICO elements: P = patient population, I = intervention (sometimes an exposure rather than an intervention), C = comparison group, O = outcome measure. Not every research hypothesis has all four elements, but PICO is a good starting point.

7. Teaching from an EBM perspective
Research design.
“Begin with the end in mind”
Set up your research study so that it will be given the best possible critical appraisal. For example,
Use double blinding when possible; partial blinding when double blinding is impossible.
Conceal the randomization list from the recruiting physician until after the physician has verified all the inclusion criteria.

8. Teaching from an EBM perspective
Interpret the following Kaplan-Meier curve.

9. Teaching from an EBM perspective
Interpret the first two confidence intervals presented in this abstract.

10. Lessons learned from a colleague.
Give your residents a pre-test before the journal club begins to assess how much they already know about critical appraisal.
Partner with a subject matter expert who can pick good papers and talk about the clinical impact of the research.
Divide the workload with first year residents handling the simpler tasks, more difficult tasks reserved for a second year resident, and the biggest responsibility left for a third year resident.
Prepare lectures outside of journal club that cover the statistics that medical residents need to know in order to be a good consumer.

11. Some cautions Your presenter may become hyper critical.
Your presenter may focus too much on the data analysis.
Your presenter may abdicate their responsibility to understand the statistics.
Your presenter may want to work from the conclusion backwards.

12. Some concluding remarks
Journal clubs change your perspective on what is important in Statistics.
They offer you an opportunity to teach Statistics to an amazingly receptive audience.
They are also a lot of fun.