1. CELL STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION
CHAPTER THREE
CELL STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION

2. CONTRIBUTORS TO THE DISCOVERY OF CELLS
HOOKE
_____________
LEEUWENHOEK
_____________
SCHLEIDEN
_____________
SCHWANN
_____________
VIRCHOW
_____________
RESPONSIBLE FOR CELL THEORY
CORK
ANIMALCULES
Made better ______________ and observed cells in greater ______________. First to observe ______________
The first to __________ cells. Responsible for ____________ them
Concluded that all ___________ ___________ were made up of ___________
Proposed that all cells come from ____________ __________
The first to note that _____________ were made up of ___________

3. CELL THEORY
___________________________________________________________
2. ___________________________________________________________
3. ___________________________________________________________

4. TOOLS OF BIOLOGY Microscope Function Magnifies up to… COMPOUND LIGHT
______________ microscope Uses light. __________
______________ microscope Light cannot pass. _________
______________ microscope Uses electrons __________
COMPOUND LIGHT
1000X
STEREO
40X
Also known as ______________ scope
DISSECTING
ELECTRON
500,000X
COMPOUND LIGHT
STEREOSCOPE
ELECTRON MICROSCOPE

5. LIGHT MICROSCOPE eyepiece Body Tube Turrett Arm Focus Objective
Low Objective
Stage
High Power Objective
Stage Clips
Course Adjustment
Diaphragm
Fine Adjustment
Light Source
Base

6. (Independent Practice)
Labeling the Parts of
the Microscope
(Independent Practice) 1.
EYEPIECE 2.
BODYTUBE 3.
TURRETT
10.
ARM
11.
FOCUS OBJECTIVE 4.
LOW POWER OBJECTIVE 5.
STAGE CLIPS
HIGH POWER OBJECTIVE
12. 6.
STAGE
13.
COURSE ADJUSTMENT 7.
DIAPHRAGM 8.
LIGHT SOURCE
14.
FINE ADJUSTMENT 9.
BASE

7. TOTAL MAGNIFICATION The focus objective focuses __________
The low power objective focuses _______
The high power objective focuses _______ 4X
10X
40X
Keep in mind, there is also a lens in the EYEPIECE
that focuses __________ “ON TOP OF” the magnification
of the objective lenses.
Therefore, _____________________________would be:
_______________ X _________________
10X
TOTAL MAGNIFICATION
EYEPIECE
OBJECTIVE
Practice:
EYEPIECE X OBJECTIVE = TOTAL MAGNIFICATION
TOTAL MAGNIFICATION OF FOCUS POWER
__________ X __________ = ______________
TOTAL MAGNIFICATION OF LOW POWER
TOTAL MAGNIFICATION OF HIGH POWER 10 4
40 X
10 X
10 X
100 X
10 X
40 X
400 X

8. EYEPIECE:
BODY TUBE:
Where you place your eye. Contains ______ ______ that usually magnifies ______.
Tube that supports the ______ _______ and connects it to the _________________.
EYE PIECE
ONE LENS
TURRETT/NOSE PIECE
10x

9. OBJECTIVES: STAGE CLIPS:
______________ that magnify objects to varying __________.
FOCUS OBJECTIVE:
______________________________________________
LOW POWER OBJECTIVE:
HIGH POWER OBJECTIVE:
LENSES
Holds the _____________ in place
SLIDE
“POWERS”
SHORTEST LENS (4X)
ONLY USED FOR SCANNING
SMALL LENS (10 X)
LOW MAGNIFYING POWER
LONGEST LENS (40 X)
HIGH MAGNIFYING POWER

10. MAKES LARGE ADJUSTMENTS MAKES SMALL ADJUSTMENTS
BASE
Knobs that make adjustments to the ______________
COURSE ADJUSTMENT
___________________________________________________________________________
FINE ADJUSTMENT
FOCUS
Supports the _____________
MICROSCOPE
MAKES LARGE ADJUSTMENTS
USED WITH FOCUS AND
LOW POWER OBJECTIVES
MAKES SMALL ADJUSTMENTS
USED WITH HIGH POWER
OBJECTIVE ONLY

11. LIGHT SOURCE:
Directs light up through the ______________ and through the ______________ so that it may be ______________
DIAPHRAGM
SPECIMEN
VIEWED

12. Supports the __________________
STAGE:
Supports the __________________
SLIDE/SPECIMEN

13. NOSEPIECE:
Also known as the _______________. It is the rotating device that holds the _____________/ (_________).
TURRETT
OBJECTIVES
LENSES

14. DIAPHRAGM
An adjustable ________________ under the stage, allowing different __________ of __________ onto the stage.
OPENING
AMOUNTS LIGHT

15. ______________________________________________________________
arm - this attaches the eyepiece and body tube to the base. base - this supports the microscope. body tube - the tube that supports the eyepiece. coarse focus adjustment - a knob that makes large adjustments to the focus. diaphragm - an adjustable opening under the stage, allowing different amounts of light onto the stage. eyepiece - where you place your eye. fine focus adjustment - a knob that makes small adjustments to the focus (it is often smaller than the coarse focus knob). high-power objective - a large lens with high magnifying power. inclination joint - an adjustable joint that lets the arm tilt at various angles. low-power objective - a small lens with low magnifying power. mirror (or light source) - this directs light upwards onto the slide. revolving nosepiece - the rotating device that holds the objectives (lenses). stage - the platform on which a slide is placed. stage clips - metal clips that hold a slide securely onto the stage.
_____________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________

16. arm - this attaches the eyepiece and body tube to the base
arm - this attaches the eyepiece and body tube to the base. base - this supports the microscope. body tube - the tube that supports the eyepiece. coarse focus adjustment - a knob that makes large adjustments to the focus. diaphragm - an adjustable opening under the stage, allowing different amounts of light onto the stage. eyepiece - where you place your eye. fine focus adjustment - a knob that makes small adjustments to the focus (it is often smaller than the coarse focus knob). high-power objective - a large lens with high magnifying power. inclination joint - an adjustable joint that lets the arm tilt at various angles. low-power objective - a small lens with low magnifying power. mirror (or light source) - this directs light upwards onto the slide. revolving nosepiece - the rotating device that holds the objectives (lenses). stage - the platform on which a slide is placed. stage clips - metal clips that hold a slide securely onto the stage.

18. Types of cells Prokaryotic cells
primitive cells – “before the nucleus”
No membrane bound organelles
No nucleus
Found in Eubacteria and Archaeabacteria
Cell wall, cell membrane, cytoplasm, DNA & ribosomes

19. Eukaryotic “true nucleus” Have membrane – bound organelles
All other kingdoms but Archaeabacteria & Eubacteria
Organelles such as: Mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, vacuoles, lysosomes, and chloroplasts.

20. Comparing the Two

21. Structures common to both Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic cells
Cell Membrane
Ribosomes
DNA
Cytoplasm
Cell Walls (not in Animal or some Protist cells though!)
Organelle – small structures in cells that have a specific function

22. ANIMAL CELL
PLANT CELL

23. CELL MEMBRANE
__________________________________________________________________________________________________
CELL
MEMBRANE
_______________

24. ____________________________________________
CYTOPLASM
________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________
CYTOPLASM
_______________

25. NUCLEUS ___________________________________________________

26. ______________________________ ______________________________
NUCLEAR MEMBRANE
_________________________________________
Nuclear Membrane in Green
______________________________
______________________________

27. CHROMOSOMES
____________________________________________________________________________________
Chromosomes in Red
_______________

28. NUCLEOLUS
_____________________________________
_______________

29. MITOCHONDRIA
__________________________________________________________________________
____________

30. LYSOSOMES
________________________________________________________________________________________
____________

31. _______________________________________
GOLGI APPARATUS
_______________________________________
______________

32. ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM
________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________
_______________

33. RIBOSOMES
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_______________

34. ____________________________________________
CENTRIOLES
____________________________________________

35. VACUOLE _______________________________________ ANIMAL CELL PLANT CELL
_______________________________________________________________________________________
________
VACUOLE

36. CELL WALL _________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
____________

37. Cytoskeleton
A network of protein filaments that help the cell to maintain its shape. Centrioles – microtubules in animal cells that are involved in moving things during cell division. Also involved in movement.

38. ______________________
CHLOROPLAST
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________
CHLOROPLASTS

39. ANIMAL CELL DIAGRAM Label the organelles of this animal cell.
_________________

40. 2.__________________
1.__________________
12.__________________
3.__________________
11.__________________
4.__________________
10.__________________
5.__________________
9.__________________
8.__________________
7.__________________
6.__________________

41. Structure of Lipid Bilayer
Section 3 Cell Organelles and Features
Chapter 3
Structure of Lipid Bilayer

42. Plasma Membrane, continued
Section 3 Cell Organelles and Features
Chapter 4
Plasma Membrane, continued
Membrane Proteins
Cell membranes often contain proteins embedded within the phospholipid bilayer.-called integral prot

43. Diffusion
Section 3 Passive Transport
Chapter 5
Passive transport – Involves the movement of molecules across the cell membrane without an input of energy from the cell.es the movement of molecules across cell membrane without an input of rDiffusion is the movement of molecules from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration, driven by the molecules’ kinetic energy until equilibrium is reached.
gy by the cell.
is the movement of molecules from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration, driven by the molecules’ kinetic energy until equilibrium is reached.

44. Diffusion
Concentration Gradient - The difference in the concentration of molecules across a distance.
Equilibrium - When the concentration of molecules is the same throughout the space the molecules occupy.
Once equilibrium is reached, molecules move randomely.

45. Diffusion Across Membranes
Diffusion, continued
Section 3 Passive Transport
Chapter 5
Diffusion Across Membranes
Molecules can diffuse across a cell membrane by dissolving in the phospholipid bilayer or by passing through pores in the membrane.
Depends on size and type of molecule and on the chemical nature of the membrane.

46. Diffusion
Section 3 Passive Transport
Chapter 5

47. Osmosis is the diffusion of water across a membrane.
Section 3 Passive Transport
Chapter 5
Osmosis is the diffusion of water across a membrane.
No energy is required (passive transport).

48. Direction of Osmosis Osmosis, continued Chapter 5
Section 3 Passive Transport
Chapter 5
Direction of Osmosis
The net direction of osmosis is determined by the relative solute concentrations on the two sides of the membrane.

49. Direction of Osmosis Osmosis, continued Chapter 5
Section 3 Passive Transport
Chapter 5
Direction of Osmosis
When the solute concentration outside the cell is higher than that in the cytosol, the solution outside is hypertonic to the cytosol, and water will diffuse out of the cell.

50. Direction of Osmosis Osmosis, continued Chapter 5
Section 3Passive Transport
Chapter 5
Direction of Osmosis
When the solute concentrations outside and inside the cell are equal, the solution outside is isotonic, and there will be no net movement of water.

51. Hypertonic, Hypotonic, Isotonic Solutions
Section 3 Passive Transport
Chapter 5
Hypertonic, Hypotonic, Isotonic Solutions

52. How Cells Deal With Osmosis
Osmosis, continued
Section 3 Passive Transport
Chapter 5
How Cells Deal With Osmosis
To remain alive, cells must compensate for the water that enters the cell in hypotonic environments and leaves the cell in hypertonic environments.
Contractile vacuoles are organelles that regulate water levels in paramecia.
This is active transport.

53. Facilitated Diffusion
Section 3 Passive Transport
Chapter 5
Facilitated Diffusion

54. Chapter 5 Cell Membrane Pumps
Section 3 Active Transport
Chapter 5
Cell Membrane Pumps
Active transport moves molecules across the cell membrane from an area of lower concentration to an area of higher concentration.
Unlike passive transport, active transport requires cells to expend energy.

55. Cell Membrane Pumps, continued
Section 3 Active Transport
Chapter 5
Cell Membrane Pumps, continued
Some types of active transport are performed by carrier proteins called cell membrane pumps.
Binds only to specific type of molecule.
Usually the energy needed is provided by ATP.

56. Cell Membrane Pumps, continued
Section 3 Active Transport
Chapter 5
Cell Membrane Pumps, continued
Sodium-Potassium Pump
The sodium-potassium pump moves three Na+ ions into the cell’s external environment for every two K+ ions it moves into the cytosol.
ATP supplies the energy that drives the pump.
As a result, the outside of the membrane becomes positively charged and the inside negatively charged.
This is important to transmit nerve impulses.

57. Sodium-Potassium Pump
Section 3 Active Transport
Chapter 5

58. Chapter 5 Movement in Vesicles Endocytosis
Section 3 Active Transport
Chapter 5
Movement in Vesicles
Endocytosis
In endocytosis, cells ingest external materials by folding around them and forming a pouch.
The pouch then pinches off and becomes a membrane-bound organelle called a vesicle.
Both endocytosis and exocytosis are used to transport large materials or large quantities of smaller materials.

59. Movement in Vesicles, continued
Section 3 Active Transport
Chapter 5
Movement in Vesicles, continued
Endocytosis
Endocytosis includes pinocytosis, in which the vesicle contains solutes or fluids, and phagocytosis, in which the vesicle contains large particles or cells.
Some unicellular organisms feed by phagocytosis.
Some animal cells called phagocytes, aid in destroying bacteria and viruses when they fuse with lysosomes.

60. Movement in Vesicles, continued
Section 2 Active Transport
Chapter 5
Movement in Vesicles, continued
Exocytosis
In exocytosis, vesicles made by the cell fuse with the cell membrane, releasing their contents into the external environment.
Examples include exporting proteins outside the cell that were packaged in the golgi apparatus and exporting wastes and toxins from the cell.

61. Endocytosis and Exocytosis
Section 2 Active Transport
Chapter 5
Endocytosis and Exocytosis

62. 3.4 Diffusion and Osmosis
KEY CONCEPT Materials move across membranes because of concentration differences.

63. 3.4 Diffusion and Osmosis Passive transport -
Molecules can move across the cell membrane through passive transport.
There are two types of passive transport. 1) 2)

64. 3.4 Diffusion and Osmosis
Osmosis –
Diffusion –

65. 3.4 Diffusion and Osmosis There are three types of solutions.
isotonic –
hypertonic –
Hypotonic –
Hypertonic
Hypotonic

66. 3.4 Diffusion and Osmosis
Some molecules can only diffuse through transport proteins.
Some molecules cannot easily diffuse across the cell membrane.
Facilitated diffusion -

67. 3.5 Active Transport, Endocytosis, and Exocytosis

68. 3.5 Active Transport, Endocytosis, and Exocytosis
A cell can import and export large materials or large amounts of material in vesicles during the processes of endocytosis and exocytosis.
Cells use energy to transport material in vesicles.
Exocytosis –
Endocytosis –
Phagocytosis -

69. ___________ - groups of cells that perform a similar function.
__________ - groups of tissues that perform a specific or related function.
_______________ - groups of organs that carry out similar functions.
vascular
tissue
leaf
stem
lateral
roots
primary
root
SYSTEMS
root system
shoot system
CELL
TISSUE
ORGAN