1. Foreign Policy
Ch 7.3

2. Making Foreign Policy
Foreign policy is a nations’ overall plan for dealing with other nations.
There are many goals our country tries to achieve:
National Security
International Trade
Promotion of World Peace
Promotion of Human Rights and Democracy

3. Foreign Policy Bureaucracy
The Executive Branch includes a large foreign policy bureaucracy.
It includes:
- State Department
- Department of Defense
- Central Intelligence Agency
- National Security Council (NSC)

4. Congress v. the President
The president and Congress share the power to conduct foreign affairs.
The president is the chief diplomat and commander-in-chief, but Congress has the power to declare war, prohibit certain military actions, and spend or withhold money for defense.

5. Congress v. the President
The Constitution does not make clear how the executive and legislative branches can use their powers.
Because of this, the branches compete for control of foreign policy.

6. Tools of Foreign Policy
Treaties and Executive Agreements
Treaties are formal agreements between the governments of two or more countries.
Some treaties, such as NATO (April 1949), are agreements among nations for mutual defense; NAFTA was made as an economic free trade agreement.
The Senate must approve a treaty by a 2/3 vote.
President can however make an executive agreement with the leader of another country without Senate approval. Deal with routine matters

7. Tools of Foreign Policy
Appointing Ambassadors
An ambassador is an official representative of a country’s government.
The president appoints ambassadors, with Senate approval.
Ambassadors are only sent to countries where the U.S. accepts the government as legally in power.

8. Tools of Foreign Policy
Foreign Aid
The U.S. gives foreign aid in the form of money, food, military assistance, or other supplies to help other countries.
Ex. The Marshall Plan which helped rebuild Western Europe after World War II. $13 Billion total.

9. Tools of Foreign Policy
International Trade
The president makes agreements with other nations about what products may be traded and the rules of trade.
Sometimes the rules include trade sanctions – efforts to punish another country by imposing trade barriers.
Another punishing tool is an embargo, an agreement among a group of nations that prohibits them all from trading with the target nation.

10. Tools of Foreign Policy
Congress takes the lead in imposing tariffs on imported goods and in joining international trade groups
One such trade group is the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA)

11. Tools of Foreign Policy
Military Force
As commander-in chief, presidents may use the military to carry out some foreign policy decisions that could involve deploying armed forces or launching missile attacks.
Powerful tool, but must be used with care.
Ex. Iraq and Afghanistan; Vietnam