1. Models of Cities

2. Burgess Model- Concentric Zone Theory
Ernest Burgess-1920’s
Five functional zones
Central Business District
Transitional Zones
Deteriorating residential areas, light manufacturing & some business
Slums
Large, poor immigrant population
Working Class Zone
Housing for blue collar workers in the city
Middle Class Residences
Suburban Ring- Commuter Zone

3. Hoyt Model- Sector Model
Homer Hoyt-1930’s
Focused on where the social classes in the city lived
Develops in sectors, not rings
Wealthy residential areas also expand from the CBD
Low class residential areas are near industrial districts

4. Harris & Ullman- Multiple Nuclei Model
C.D. Harris & E.L. Ullman-1945
More than one center of activities
- Port, university, airport, suburban business, etc…
Certain regions in a city have their own nuclei or center

5. Urban Realms Model Focuses on importance of growing Edge Cities
Shifting focus of urbanization away from the CBD toward economic activity at the urban fringe
Each area has its own realm with its own separate economic, social, & political entities
Edge Cities are characterized by extensive office space, retail space, few residential areas & modern buildings (less than 30 years old)
Edge Cities are soon becoming metropolises (Tyson’s Corner)

6. American Cities
CBD- commercial center of urban area, skyscrapers, bid-rent theory, suburbs, shopping malls
EASTERN CITIES:
Built before invention of automobile so streets are narrow, densely residential, mass transportation (city may still have more people than suburbs)
WESTERN CITIES:
More spread out, homes have yards, more reliance on automobile than mass transit, grid street system, suburbs (sometimes have more people than city itself)

7. European Cities
Zoning can be mixed residential, commercial, & industrial
Preservation of historic buildings
Dendritic Street Pattern: looks like root system of trees that curve & wind through city (cities designed for foot traffic)
Wealthy live IN city, while lower class live outside in suburbs
Use of GREENBELTS to stop spread of development, & prevent cities from overlapping

8. Latin American Cities
High urban growth rates due to poverty of country sides
Cities include a spine of high income residential areas, extends from CBD (protected by gated communities)
Edges of city have squatter settlements (barriadas)
Cities laid out like a hub-spoke bike wheel, all roads lead to city center

9. Asian Cities Usually located on coasts, built for trade
May have specific zones for Western companies to locate their businesses
Very modern because they have grown so recently
Established many shopping malls
Megacities are common
Include a market-gardening zone because of preference for fresh food

10. African Cities
Strong colonial imprint still evident in structures & functions of cities
Three distinct Central Business Districts:
Colonial CBD (government)
Traditional CBD (commercial center)
Market/Bazaar CBD (farmer’s market: sells anything from rugs to animals)
Lack transportation systems, unpaved roads are common