2. Section 1: Taking In and Storing Information
Chapter Introduction
Section 1: Taking In and Storing Information
Section 2: Retrieving Information
Chapter Menu

3. Chapter Objectives · Section 1
Taking In and Storing Information
Describe the three processes involved in memory: encoding, storage, and retrieval.
Chapter Preview 1

4. Chapter Objectives · Section 2
The Senses
Understand that stored memory can be retrieved by recognition, recall, and relearning.
Chapter Preview 2

5. Chapter Preview-End

6. Main Idea
There are three processes involved in memory: encoding, storage, and retrieval.
Section 1-Main Idea

7. Vocabulary memory encoding storage retrieval sensory memory
short-term memory
maintenance rehearsal
chunking
semantic memory
episodic memory
declarative memory
procedural memory
Section 1-Key Terms

8. Objectives Explain the three processes of memory.
Describe the information-processing model of memory.
Section 1-Objectives

9. Section 1-Polling Question
How many windows were in your first bedroom?
A. None
B. One
C. Two
D. Three or more A B C D
Section 1-Polling Question

10. The Processes of Memory
Memory is the input, storage, and retrieval of what has been learned or experienced.
Three steps:
Encoding
Storage
Retrieval
The Processes of Memory
Section 1

11. If you’re studying for a vocabulary test and you create a sentence in order to remember the word, which type of code are you using?
A. Visual
B. Semantic
C. Acoustic
D. All of the above A B C D
Section 1

12. Three Stages of Memory The three types of memory: Sensory memory
prevents you from being overwhelmed
gives you some decision time
allows for continuity and stability in your world
Stages of Memory
Section 1

13. Three Stages of Memory (cont.)
Short-term memory
Maintenance rehearsal
Chunking
Long-term memory
Using Short-Term Memory
Spot the Real Penny
Section 1

14. Three Stages of Memory (cont.)
Four types of long-term memory:
Semantic memory
Episodic memory
Declarative memory
Procedural memory
Three Systems of Memory
Section 1

15. The ability to repeat the last sentence someone says although you are only half-listening is which type of memory?
A. Sensory
B. Short-term
C. Long-term A B C
Section 1

16. Memory and the Brain
Two theories regarding the physiological changes that occur when we learn something:
A change in the neuronal structure of nerves occurs.
Learning is based on molecular or chemical changes in the brain.
Section 1

17. Memory and the Brain (cont.)
Procedural memory involves activity in an area of the brain called the striatum.
Declarative memories result from activity in the hippocampus and the amygdala.
Memory Centers in the Brain
Section 1

18. Which part of the brain is responsible for emotional associations?
A. The Amygdala
B. The Cortex
C. The Thalamus
D. The Hippocampus A B C D
Section 1

19. Section 1-End

20. Main Idea
Stored memory can be retrieved by recognition, recall, and relearning.
Section 2-Main Idea

21. Vocabulary recognition recall reconstructive processes confabulation
schemas
eidetic memory
decay
interference
elaborative rehearsal
mnemonic devices
Section 2-Key Terms

22. Objectives Identify several memory retrieval processes.
Explain the processes involved in forgetting.
Section 2-Objectives

23. Section 2-Polling Question
Do you remember the name of your first-grade teacher?
A. Yes
B. No A B
Section 2-Polling Question

24. Recognition Recognition
A single item of information may be indexed under several headings so that it can be reached in many ways.
Section 2

25. With the content being the same, which type of test do you feel is easier?
A. Multiple Choice
B. Short Answer
C. Essay
D. Verbal A B C D
Section 2

26. Recall
Recall involves a person’s knowledge, attitudes, and expectations.
Recall is influenced by reconstructive processes.
Adding addition information not in memory is called confabulation.
Section 2

27. Recall (cont.) Our memories may be reconstructed in terms of schemas
Eidetic memory
State-dependent learning occurs when you recall information easily when you are in the same physiological or emotional state or setting you were when you originally encoded the information.
Elizabeth Loftus
Section 2

28. Filling in “gaps” in a story would be an example of what? A. Schemas
B. Eidetic memory
C. Recall
D. Confabulation A B C D
Section 2

29. Relearning
Relearning is a measure of both declarative and procedural memory.
Section 2

30. Have you ever tried to relearn something and found it easier the second time around?
A. Yes
B. No
C. Sometimes
D. Not sure A B C D
Section 2

31. Forgetting
When information that once entered long-term memory is unable to be retrieved, it is said to be forgotten.
Forgetting may involve:
Decay
Interference
Repression
Section 2

32. Forgetting (cont.) Two kinds of blockage: Proactive Retroactive
Section 2

33. Forgetting (cont.)
Amnesia—a loss of memory that may occur after a blow to the head, brain damage, drug use, or severe psychological stress.
Infant amnesia—the relative lack of early declarative memories.
Section 2

34. Forgetting (cont.) Theories for why we do not remember being young:
Freud thought that memories are repressed because of the emotional traumas of infancy.
Others believe that because infants do not yet understand language, their memories are nonverbal, whereas later memories are verbal.
Section 2

35. Forgetting (cont.)
Others claim that the hippocampus may not be mature enough in infancy to spark memories.
Or that infants have not yet developed a sense of self to experience memories.
Section 2

36. Which of the following is more likely after an accident? A. Decay
B. Interference
C. Repression
D. Amnesia A B C D
Section 2

37. Improving Memory
Techniques for improving memory are based on efficient organization of the things you learn and on chunking information into easily handled packages.
Elaborative rehearsal
Section 2

38. Improving Memory (cont.)
Ways to protect a memory from interference:
Overlearn it.
Avoid studying similar material together.
Use distributed practice, or study a little at a time.
Section 2

39. Improving Memory (cont.)
Mnemonic devices
Examples:
The Method of Loci
“Thirty days has September”
“Every Good Boy Does Fine”
Mental pictures
Section 2

40. A. Elaborative rehearsal B. Distributed practice C. Mnemonic devices
Of the following, which do you find more effective in remembering information for a test?
A. Elaborative rehearsal
B. Distributed practice
C. Mnemonic devices A B C
Section 2

41. Section 2-End

42. Stages of Memory
Psychologists often compare human memory to a computer; however, unlike a computer, people can never fill their long-term memories so full that there is no room left for storage.
Figure 1

43. Spot the Real Penny
Which is the genuine penny among the fakes? Even though you live in the United States and probably see hundreds of pennies a week, it is difficult to identify the real one. Mere reception, such as seeing something over and over again, does not guarantee a strong memory.
Figure 2

44. Using Short-Term Memory
Glance quickly at the left figure in this pair, then look away. How many dots did you see? Now do the same with the right figure. You were probably surer and more accurate in your answer for the right figure.
Figure 3

45. Three Systems of Memory
The moment you pay attention to information in sensory memory, that information enters short-term memory. Then that information remains in short-term memory for a few seconds. If you rehearse that information, it stays; if you do not, it disappears.
Figure 4

46. Memory Centers in the Brain
Researchers have identified the parts of the brain that are involved in memory.
Figure 5

47. The Processes of Memory
Memory involves three processes.
Figure 7

48. Elizabeth Loftus 1944–
“One of the things that we know about memory for very upsetting experiences, traumatic experiences, is that the memory does not work like a videotape recorder.”
Profile

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Chunking
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50. Concept Trans 1

51. DFS Trans 1

52. DFS Trans 2

53. memory: the input, storage, and retrieval of what has been learned or experienced
Vocab1

54. encoding: the transforming of information so the nervous system can process it
Vocab2

55. storage: the process by which information is maintained over a period of time
Vocab3

56. retrieval: the process of obtaining information that has been stored in memory
Vocab4

57. sensory memory: very brief memory storage immediately following initial stimulation of a receptor
Vocab5

58. short-term memory: memory that is limited in capacity to about seven items and in duration by the subject’s active rehearsal
Vocab6

59. maintenance rehearsal: a system for remembering that involves repeating information to one-self without attempting to find meaning in it
Vocab7

60. chunking: the process of grouping items to make them easier to remember
Vocab8

61. semantic memory: knowledge of language, including its rules,
words, and meanings
Vocab9

62. episodic memory: chronological retention of the events of one’s life
Vocab10

63. declarative memory: stored knowledge of learned skills that does not require conscious recollection
Vocab11

64. procedural memory: permanent storage of learned skills that does not require conscious recollection
Vocab12

65. recognition: memory retrieval in which a person identifies an object, idea, or situation as one he or she has or has not experienced before
Vocab13

66. recall: memory retrieval in which a person reconstructs previously learned material
Vocab14

67. reconstructive processes: the alteration of a recalled memory that may be simplified, enriched, or distorted, depending on an individual’s experiences, attitudes, or inferences
Vocab15

68. confabulation: the act of filling in memory gaps
Vocab16

69. schemas: conceptual frameworks a person uses to make sense of the world
Vocab17

70. eidetic memory: the ability to remember with great accuracy visual information on the basis of short-term exposure
Vocab18

71. decay: fading away of memory over time
Vocab19

72. interference: blockage of a memory by previous or subsequent memories or loss of a retrieval cue
Vocab20

73. elaborative rehearsal: the linking of new information to material that is already known
Vocab21

74. mnemonic devices: techniques for using associations to memorize and retrieve information
Vocab22

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