1. Chapter 1 Nursing Foundations

2. Religious groups assumes many roles of nursing
Nursing Origins
Youngest profession but oldest art
During the Middle Ages in Europe
Religious groups assumes many roles of nursing

3. The Nightingale Reformation
The Crimean War
Nightingale’s contributions
Training people for future work
Selecting those with upstanding character
Improving sanitary conditions for sick and injured

4. The Nightingale Reformation (cont’d)
Nightingale’s contributions (cont’d)
Reducing death rate of British soldiers (from 60% to ….?)
Providing classroom assistance and clinical teaching
Advocating nursing education should be lifelong

5. Question Is the following statement true or false?
Florence Nightingale advocated that nursing education should be lifelong.

6. Answer
True.
Florence Nightingale advocated that nursing education should be lifelong because of technological advances, to demonstrate competence and ensure the public’s confidence, and to practice according to current nursing standards.

7. Contemporary Nursing(التمريض المعاصر)
Combining nursing art with science (skills & knowledge)
Art: "Ability to perform an act skillfully ".
Science:" Body knowledge unique to particular subject".
Integrating the nursing theory
Nursing theories and application (table.. next)

8. Contemporary Nursing (cont’d)

9. Contemporary Nursing (cont’d)
Defining nursing
Nursing definitions by:
Florence Nightingale
Virginia Henderson
American Nurses Association

10. The Educational Ladder
Basic educational options available:
Practical (vocational) nursing
Registered nursing (RN)
Factors that influence choice of nursing program:
Career goals
Geographic location of schools

11. The Educational Ladder (cont’d)
Factors that influence choice of nursing program (cont’d):
Costs involved
Length of program
Reputation and success of graduate
Flexibility of course scheduling

12. The Educational Ladder (cont’d)
Factors that influence choice of nursing program (cont’d):
Opportunity for part-time versus full-time employment
Ease of movement into next level of education

13. The Educational Ladder (cont’d)
Practical/vocational nursing
Abbreviated nursing program created during World War II
Length: average between 12 and 18 months
Shortest, most economical program

14. The Educational Ladder (cont’d)
Registered nurse
Works under direction of physician or dentist
Manages or provide direct care to client
Educates clients and the public: medical conditions
Delegates client care to LPN

15. The Educational Ladder (cont’d)
Registered nurse (cont’d)
Three paths
Hospital-based diploma program
Traditional route for nurse
Lowest number of diploma programs compared to other basic nursing educational programs

16. The Educational Ladder (cont’d)
Registered nurse (cont’d)
Hospital-based diploma program (cont’d)
Reasons for decline
Movement to increase professionalism in nursing
Hospital no longer financially subsidizes school of nursing

17. The Educational Ladder (cont’d)
Registered nurse (cont’d)
Associate degree program
Aimed at shortening nursing education
Referred to as nurse
Would not be expected to work in a management position

18. The Educational Ladder (cont’d)
Registered nurse (cont’d)
Baccalaureate program
Greatest flexibility in qualifying for nursing positions
Preferred in areas requiring substantial independent decision making

19. The Educational Ladder (cont’d)
Registered nurse (cont’d)
Graduate nursing program
Master’s-prepared nurses: clinical specialist, nurse practitioner, administrator, educator
Doctoral degree: conduct research; advise, administer, and instruct nurses pursuing graduate and undergraduate degrees

20. The Educational Program (cont’d)
Registered nurse (cont’d)
Continuing education
Planned learning experience beyond the basic nursing program
Rationale for acquiring continuing education

21. The Educational Program (cont’d)

22. Unique Nursing Skills
Assessment skills (Acts that involves collecting data)
Following activities requires use of assessment:
Interviewing, observing, examining client and family; reviewing client’s medical record; obtaining facts from other health care workers

23. Unique Nursing Skills (cont’d)
Caring skills (action to restore and maintain health)
Assisting with ADLs
Safe care of clients who require invasive or highly technical equipment
Helping client become self-reliant

24. Unique Nursing Skills (cont’d)
Counseling skills
Communicating with client
Actively listening
Offering pertinent health teaching
Providing emotional support

25. Unique Nursing Skills (cont’d)
Counseling skills (cont’d)
Use active listening
Clarify client’s perspective (own decision)
Teach clients: promote healing processes, staying well, preventing illness, and carrying out ADLs
Use empathy not sympathy

26. Empathy: "Intuitive awareness of what the
patient is experiencing".
Sympathy:" Feeling as emotionally distraught as
the patient".

27. Unique Nursing Skills (cont’d)
Comforting skills
Provide stability and security during a health-related crisis