1. Chapter 7 Storage

2. Chapter 7 Objectives
Differentiate among CD-ROMs, recordable CDs, rewritable CDs, DVD-ROMs, BD-ROMs, HD DVD-ROMs, recordable DVDs, and rewritable DVDs
Differentiate between storage devices and storage media
Describe the characteristics of magnetic disks
Identify the uses of tape
Describe the characteristics of a hard disk
Discuss PC Cards, ExpressCard modules, and the various types of miniature storage media
Discuss various types of miniature, external, and removable hard disks
Describe the characteristics of optical discs
Identify uses of microfilm and microfiche
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3. Storage Industry is HUGE
Americans have lots of junk Storage Wars Hoarders Pawn Stars

4. Storage What is storage?
Holds data, instructions, and information for future use
Storage medium is physical material used for storage
Also called secondary storage
p Fig. 7-1
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5. Storage What is capacity?
Number of bytes (characters) a storage medium can hold
Kilobyte (KB)
1 thousand
Megabyte (MB)
1 million
Gigabyte (GB)
1 billion
Terabyte (TB)
1 trillion
Petabyte (PB)
1 quadrillion
Exabyte (EB)
1 quintillion
Zettabyte (ZB)
1 sextillion
Yottabyte (YB)
1 septillion
p. 356
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6. Storage What is capacity?
Number of bytes (characters) a storage medium can hold
Kilobyte (KB)
KISS
Megabyte (MB) MY
Gigabyte (GB)
GRANDMOTHER
Terabyte (TB)
TODAY
Petabyte (PB)
PLEASE
Exabyte (EB)
EAT
Zettabyte (ZB)
ZESTY
Yottabyte (YB)
YOGURT
p. 356
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7. Storage What is capacity?
Number of bytes (characters) a storage medium can hold
Kilobyte (KB)
1 thousand
Megabyte (MB)
1 million
TWO
1 billion
THREE
1 trillion
FOUR
1 quadrillion
FIVE
1 quintillion
SIX
1 sextillion
SEVEN
1 septillion
p. 356
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8. Storage How does volatility compare?
Storage medium is nonvolatile—contents retained when power is off
Memory is volatile—holds data and instructions temporarily ON
OFF
Memory (most RAM) (chips on motherboard)
Screen Display
Display appears
Display disappears
Volatile
Data and instructions available to user
Data and instructions erased
Storage Medium (floppy disks, Zip disks, hard disks, CDs)
Nonvolatile
Contents available to user
Contents retained
p. 356
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9. Storage What is a storage device?
Hardware that records and retrieves items to and from storage media
Reading
Process of transferring items from storage media to memory
Writing
Process of transferring items from memory to storage media
Functions as source of input
Creates output
p. 356
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10. Flash Memory Cards and USB Flash Drives
Storage
What is access time?
Time it takes storage device to locate item on storage medium
Time required to deliver item from memory to processor
faster transfer rates
Floppy Disk
Small files to be transported
Secondary Storage
Primary Storage
Hard Disk
Flash Memory Cards and USB Flash Drives
CDs and DVDs
Tape
Items waiting to be interpreted and executed by the processor
Operating system, application software, user data and information
Digital pictures or files to be transported
Software, backups, movies, music
Backups
Memory (most RAM)
Stores …
Transfer rates
slower transfer rates
p. 357 Fig. 7-4
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11. NOW can store 4096 bytes of data
Magnetic Disks
What are tracks and sectors?
Track is narrow recording band that forms full circle on disk
Sector stored up to 512 bytes of data
NOW can store 4096 bytes of data
Formatting prepares disk for use
p. 357 Fig. 7-5
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12. hard disk mounted in system unit
Magnetic Disks
hard disk mounted in system unit
What is a hard disk?
High-capacity storage
Consists of several inflexible, circular platters that store items electronically
Components enclosed in airtight, sealed case for protection
Longitudinal recording
Click to view Web Link, click Chapter 7, Click Web Link from left navigation,
then click Perpendicular Recording below Chapter 7
Perpendicular recording
p. 358 Fig. 7-6
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13. Sample Hard Disk Characteristics
Magnetic Disks
What are characteristics of a hard disk?
Sample Hard Disk Characteristics
Advertised capacity 500 GB
Platters 4
Read/write heads 8
Cylinders 16,383
Bytes per second 512
Sectors per track 63
Sectors per drive 973,773,168
Revolutions per minute 7,200
Transfer rate 300 MB per second
Access time 8.5 ms
actual disk capacity
p. 359 Fig. 7-7
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14. Magnetic Disks
How does a hard disk work?
Step 3. When software requests a disk access, read/write heads determine current or new location of data.
Step 2. Small motor spins platters while computer is running.
Step 4. Head actuator positions read/write head arms over correct location on platters to read or write data.
Step 1. Circuit board controls movement of head actuator and a small motor.
p. 360 Fig. 7-8
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15. Magnetic Disks What is a cylinder?
platter
What is a cylinder?
track
Vertical section of track through all platters
sector
Single movement of read/write head arms accesses all platters in cylinder
read/write head
platter
sides
p. 360 Fig. 7-9
cylinder
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16. Magnetic Disks What is a head crash?
Occurs when read/write head touches platter surface
Spinning creates cushion of air that floats read/write head above platter
Clearance between head and platter is approximately two-millionths of an inch
A smoke particle, dust particle, or human hair could render drive unusable
p Fig. 7-10
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17. Magnetic Disks What is a disk cache?
Portion of memory that processor uses to store frequently accessed items
first request for data—to disk cache
second request for data—to hard disk
p. 361 Fig. 7-11
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18. Magnetic Disks What is RAID? Redundant Array of Independent Disks
Connects multiple smaller disks into a single unit that acts as a single large hard disk
Click to view Web Link, click Chapter 7, Click Web Link from left navigation, then click RAID below Chapter 7
p. 362
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19. Solid State Hard drives
Referred to SSD – Solid State Drives
No actual disk or motor
Used integrated circuits as memory to store data
Benefits:
more resistant to physical shock
run silently
have lower access time
less latency – less time delay
Still 7-8 times more expensive than hard disks

20. Magnetic Disks What is a miniature hard disk?
Provide greater storage capacities than flash memory
Smaller than notebook computer hard disks
A pocket hard drive is a self-contained unit
Click to view Web Link, click Chapter 7, Click Web Link from left navigation, then click Pocket Hard Drives below Chapter 7
p. 362 Fig. 7-13
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21. Magnetic Disks What are external hard disks and removable hard disks?
Used to back up or transfer files
Removable hard disk—hard disk that you insert and remove from hard disk drive
External hard disk—freestanding hard disk that connects to system unit
p. 363 Fig. 7-14
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22. Chip and circuits that control transfer of items from disk
Magnetic Disks
What is a disk controller?
Chip and circuits that control transfer of items from disk
SATA (Serial Advanced Technology Attachment) controller uses serial signals to transfer data, instructions, and information
EIDE (Enhanced Integrated Drive Electronics) controller supports four hard disks, provides connections for CD and DVD drives
SCSI controller supports up to fifteen devices including hard disks, CD and DVD drives, tape drives, printers, scanners, network cards p
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23. Magnetic Disks What is online storage?
Service on Web that provides storage for minimal monthly fee
Files can be accessed from any computer with Web access
Large files can be downloaded instantaneously
Others can be authorized to access your data
Click to view Web Link, click Chapter 7, Click Web Link from left navigation, then click Online Storage below Chapter 7
p Fig. 7-15
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24. Magnetic Disks What is a floppy disk?
Portable, inexpensive storage medium (also called diskette)
Thin, circular, flexible film enclosed in 3.5” wide plastic shell
p. 365 Fig. 7-16
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25. Optical Discs What are optical discs?
Push the button to slide out the tray.
Flat, round, portable metal discs made of metal, plastic, and lacquer
Can be read only or read/write
Insert the disc, label side up.
Most PCs include an optical disc drive
Push the same button to close the tray.
p. 366 Fig. 7-17
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26. Optical Discs How does a laser read data on an optical disc?
laser diode
prism
light- sensing diode 1
lens
pit
land
disc label
Step 3. Reflected light is deflected to a light-sensing diode, which sends digital signals of 1 to computer. Absence of reflected light is read as digital signal of 0.
Step 2. If light strikes a pit, it scatters. If light strikes a land, it is reflected back toward diode.
Step 1. Laser diode shines a light beam toward disc.
p. 367 Fig. 7-18
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27. Optical Discs How is data stored on an optical disc?
Typically stored in single track
Track divided into evenly sized sectors that store items
single track spirals to edge of disc
disc sectors
p. 367 Fig. 7-19
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28. Optical Discs How should you care for an optical disc?
p. 368 Fig. 7-20
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29. Optical Discs What is a CD-ROM? Compact disc read-only memory
Cannot erase or modify contents
Typically holds 650 MB to 1 GB
Commonly used to distribute multimedia and complex software
Click to view Web Link, click Chapter 7, Click Web Link from left navigation, then click CD-ROMs below Chapter 7
p. 369 Fig. 7-22
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30. Ranges from 48X to 75X or faster 75X is 150 KBps (KB per second)
Optical Discs
What is the data transfer rate of a CD-ROM drive?
Ranges from 48X to 75X or faster
75X
75  150 KBps = 11,250 KBps or MBps
75X is 150 KBps (KB per second)
48X: 48  150 KBps = 7,200 KBps or 7.2 MBps
p. 369
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31. Optical Discs What is a Picture CD?
Film developers offer Picture CD service
Can be modified using photo editing software
Stores digital versions of roll of film
Step 1. Drop off film to be developed. Mark the Picture CD box on the film-processing envelope.
Step 3. At home, print images from Picture CD on your ink-jet photo printer.
Click to view Web Link, click Chapter 7, Click Web Link from left navigation,
then click Picture CDs below Chapter 7
Step 2. When you pick up prints and negatives, a Picture CD contains digital images of each photograph.
At a store, print images to Picture CD at kiosk.
p. 370 Fig. 7-23
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32. Optical Discs What are CD-Rs and CD-RWs?
Must have CD recorder or CD-R drive
CD-R (compact disc-recordable)
—cdisc you can write on once
Cannot erase disc’s contents
CD-RW (compact disc-rewritable)
—ceerasable disc you can write on multiple times
Must have CD-RW software and CD-RW drive
Click to view Web Link, click Chapter 7, Click Web Link from left navigation, then click CD-Rs and CD-RWs below Chapter 7 p
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33. Video: Got Your Video Right Here
Optical Discs
Video: Got Your Video Right Here
CLICK TO START
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34. Optical Discs
What is a DVD-ROM (digital versatile disc-ROM or digital video disc-ROM)?
Must have DVD-ROM drive or DVD player to read DVD-ROM
Stores databases, music, complex software, and movies
Blu-ray discs have storage capacity of up to 100 GB
HD-DVD discs have storage capacity of up to 60 GB
UMD can store up to 1.8 GB
p. 372 Fig. 7-24
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35. Optical Discs How does a DVD-ROM store data?
Two layers of pits are used, lower layer is semitransparent so laser can read through
Some are double-sided
Many types of recordable and rewritable DVDs are available
DVD-R and DVD+R
DVD-RW and DVD+RW
Click to view Web Link, click Chapter 7, Click Web Link from left navigation,
then click Blu-ray and HD DVD below Chapter 7
p Fig. 7-25
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36. Tape
What is tape?
Magnetically coated plastic ribbon capable of storing large amounts of data at low cost
Primarily used for backup
p. 374 Fig. 7-27
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37. Tape How is data stored on a tape? Sequential access
Reads and writes data consecutively, like music tape
Unlike direct access — used on hard disks, CDs, and DVDs — which can locate particular item immediately
p. 374
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38. PC Cards and ExpressCard Modules
What are PC Cards and ExpressCard Modules?
Adds capabilities to computer
Credit-card-sized device commonly used in notebook computers
p. 374 Figs. 7-28
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39. Miniature Mobile Storage Media
What is miniature mobile storage media?
Storage for small mobile devices
p. 375 Fig. 7-29
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40. Miniature Mobile Storage Media
What are common types of flash memory cards?
CompactFlash
Secure Digital
xD Picture Card
Memory Stick
Memory Stick PRO Duo
Click to view Web Link, click Chapter 7, Click Web Link from left navigation, then click Flash Memory Cards below Chapter 7
p. 376 Fig. 7-30
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41. Miniature Mobile Storage Media
How does one type of flash memory card work?
p. 377 Fig. 7-31
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42. Miniature Mobile Storage Media
What is a USB Flash Drive?
Plugs in a USB port on a computer or mobile device
Storage capacities up to 64 GB
May eventually make the floppy disk obsolete
Click to view Web Link, click Chapter 7, Click Web Link from left navigation, then click USB Flash Drives below Chapter 7
p. 377 Fig. 7-32
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43. Why are disks named the way the are
A: Floppy 5 ¼ B: Floppy 3 ½ C: Hard Disk D: CD E: DVD F: Flash

44. Miniature Mobile Storage Media
What is a smart card?
Stores data on microprocessor embedded in small card
Input, process, output, and storage capabilities
Click to view Web Link, click Chapter 7, Click Web Link from left navigation, then click Smart Cards below Chapter 7
p. 378 Fig. 7-33
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45. Microfilm and Microfiche
What are microfilm and microfiche?
Store microscopic images of documents on roll or sheet of film
Images recorded using computer output microfilm recorder
Microfilm — 100- to 215-foot roll of film
Microfiche — small sheet of film, usually 4”  6”
p. 379 Fig. 7-34
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46. Microfilm and Microfiche
How do life expectancies of various media compare?
Microfilm and microfiche have longest life of any storage media
p. 379 Fig. 7-35
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47. Burning vs. Ripping
The process of writing on an optical disc is called burning. The process of copying audio and/or video data from a purchased disc and saving it on digital media is called ripping.

48. Putting It All Together
What are recommended storage devices for home users?
250 GB hard disk
Online storage
CD or DVD drive
Card reader/writer
USB flash drive
p. 380 Fig. 7-37
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49. Putting It All Together
What are recommended storage devices for small office/home office (SOHO) users?
500 GB hard disk
Online storage
CD or DVD drive
External hard drive for backup
USB flash drive
p. 380 Fig. 7-37
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50. Putting It All Together
What are recommended storage devices for mobile users?
100 GB hard disk
Online storage
CD or DVD drive
Card reader/writer
Portable hard disk for backup
USB flash drive
p. 380 Fig. 7-37
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51. Putting It All Together
What are recommended storage devices for power users?
1.5 TB hard disk
Online storage
CD or DVD drive
Portable hard disk for backup
USB flash drive
p. 380 Fig. 7-37
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52. Putting It All Together
What are recommended storage devices for large business users?
Desktop computer
500 GB hard disk
CD or DVD drive
Smart card reader
Tape drive
USB flash drive
Server or Mainframe
Network storage server
40 TB hard disk system
CD-ROM or DVD-ROM server
Microfilm or microfiche
p. 380 Fig. 7-37
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53. Summary of Storage Internal hard disks HD DVD discs
External and removable hard disks
Recordable and Rewritable DVDs
Floppy disks
Tape
CD-ROMs
PC Cards and ExpressCard modules
Recordable and Rewritable CDs
Flash memory cards and USB flash drives
DVD-ROMs
Smart cards, microfilm, and microfiche
Blu-ray Discs (BDs)
Chapter 7 Complete