1. The Industrial Revolution
Chapter 25

2. The Beginnings of Industrialization
Industrial Revolution – greatly increased output of machine-made goods that began in England in the middle 1700s (compare to today)
Wealthy buying up land led to large farms and improved farming methods (compare to today)
enclosures – large fields separated by fences or hedges seeding and harvesting innovations developed
Jethro Tull - seed drill (1701) puts crops in rows and inserts seeds into ground instead of scattering them
crop rotation – planting different crops each year so as to not deplete the nutrients in the soil
Livestock breeders improved animals and they became larger.
Excess food allows population to grow with fewer farmers needed who went to work in factories (China today)

3. The Beginnings of Industrialization
Why the Industrial Revolution began in England
Large population of workers
Extensive natural resources
Water power
Coal
Iron ore
Inland river transportation
Harbors
Expanding economy
Business people who invested in inventions
Banking system (loans)
Political stability – pro-business laws and no military action on British soil

4. The Beginnings of Industrialization
Industrialization – process of developing machine production of goods
Factors of Production – resources to make goods
Land
Labor
Capital
Entrepreneurship – a person who organizes, manages and takes on the risks of a business
Technology
Textiles were the 1st industry to be industrialized
Textile inventions
John Kay – flying shuttle
James Hargreaves - spinning Jenny
Richard Arkwright – water frame
Edmund Cartwright – power loom
Eli Whitney – cotton gin
factories machines in large buildings

5. The Beginnings of Industrialization
Steam engine – 1705 – water pumps in coal mines
James Watt – better steam engine
Robert Fulton – steamboat – 1807 – Clermont
Canals
macadam – smooth layer of crushed rock used for roads
turnpikes – toll roads
Steam driven locomotive was developed in early 1800s
1st line was 27 miles to transport coal to port (27 miles long)
George Stephenson pioneered early locomotives
24mph hauling several tons
4 Effects of RR
Spurred industry due to cheap transportation
Created 100s of 1000s of jobs
Boosted agriculture and fishing industries
People could travel more readily

6. Industrialization
Industrialization brought jobs, but also pollution, child labor, poor working conditions and class tension
Factories paid better than farms allowing people to buy coal, beef and clothing (China today)
Cities swell in population often doubling or more
urbanization – city building and the movement of people to cities
No development plans, sanitary or building codes with limited housing, education or police (Manhattan and mafia)
Sickness, lifespan was short, unpaved streets with no drains or trash removal
Wealthy move to suburbs

7. Industrialization Working Conditions 14+ hour working days
6 days a week
Work was the same day in and day out – monotonous
Factories were poorly lit and dirty
Workers injured had no govt. help
Mining was the most dangerous

8. Industrialization
Tremendous wealth with merchants, owners and shippers
Middle Class - a social class made up of skilled workers, professionals, business people and wealthy farmers
Eventually the middle class divided with an upper and lower level
Working class – living conditions worsened and jobs were lost to machines riots and machines destroyed, child labor and pollution
IR – positive effects – created jobs, created wealth, technological innovation and inventions, raised standard of living, provides hope, better diets, improved housing, cheaper clothing, demand for more education, worker’s lives eventually improved
Long-term effects of IR – increase in consumer goods purchases and tax revenues for govt.

9. Industrialization spreads
Industrialization spreads to the United States and continental Europe
War of 1812 and British blockade forces U.S. to produce their own goods
U.S. had plenty or resources
Engineers, mechanics and toolmakers forbidden from leaving Britain
1789 Samuel Slater builds machine from memory
1790 1st U.S. factory
Lowell ,MA has entire textile process mechanized
1000s of girls move to work in mills

10. Industrialization spreads
NE U.S. became industrialized
Railroads also led to expansion with grain in MN and cattle in Chicago
stock – shares of a company
corporation – owned by shareholders, but act as a separate person
Giant corporations controlled entire industries (Standard Oil and Carnegie Steel)
Japan, Belgium, Germany, Spain and France industrialize
Increased competition and led to wealth gap between countries
Colonies exploited for resources (today?)
Industrialization overall improved daily life, health and life expectancy
Middle class growth improved education, democracy and reform movements

11. Reforming the industrial world
laissez-faire – letting business go without interference of government “let do” let the people do as they please
Adam Smith – 1776 “The Wealth of Nations” espouses free markets
Three Natural Laws of Economics
Law of Self-Interest – people work for their own good
Law of Competition – competition forces people to make better products
Law of Supply and Demand – goods produced at lowest possible price to meet demand
Capitalism – economic system where factors of production are privately owned to make a profit
Thomas Malthus – population increased more rapidly than the food supply with epidemics and war – most people destined to be poor and miserable

12. Reforming the industrial world
utilitarianism – government should promote the greatest good for the greatest number of people (Bentham)
John Stuart Mill – promoted worker’s and women’s rights, prison and education reform, and elimination of large wealth divisions
socialism - factors of production are owned by the public and operated for the welfare of all – government should plan the economy and control major industries
Karl Marx - The Communist Manifesto – society always warred and workers and employers were no different
capitalist system would be destroyed and workers would control factories sharing the wealth equally
Government would be cooperative living with an eventual classless society
communism – complete socialism, no private property, everything owned by the people, all goods and services would be shared equally
Marx inspired revolts in Russia, China and Cuba

13. Reforming the industrial world
union – voluntary labor organizations
collective bargaining – negotiations between workers and employers
strike – refuse to work
Illegal at times to unionize and/or strike
Unions aimed to raise wages and improve working conditions
Laws passed to help workers – child labor (page 738), mines, women, and factory conditions (OSHA)

14. Reforming the industrial world
British end slave trade in 1807 and slavery in1833
Slavery ends
U.S. 1865
Puerto Rico 1873
Cuba 1886
Brazil 1888
Reforms spread to women, education (Horace Mann), & prison,