1. The Home Front
Just as soldiers had to fight the war on the battle front, so civilians had to ‘fight’ on the Home Front
For the HSC, we must look at the Home Fronts in both Britain and Germany

2. Total War A term we have seen already:
Warfare that mobilises all sectors of society –
military (soldiers)
economic (money)
political (government)
social (people)
Think of an example for each – for both Britain and Germany

3. Civilians
What is a civilian? According to Wikipedia: A civilian under international law is a person who is not a member of his or her country's armed forces. That is – you or me or anyone not serving in uniform.

4. Britain in 1914
Population: 50 million Ruler: King George V Capital: London Army size: 250,000 Alliance: Triple Entente Strengths: Naval power, large empire, isolated from European mainland Weaknesses: Second in industrial output to Germany

5. Germany in 1914
Population: 65 million Ruler: Kaiser Wilhelm II Capital: Berlin Army size: Over 3 million (conscription) Alliance: Triple Alliance Strengths: Army power, highly industrialised Weaknesses: Small empire, second to Britain in naval power

6. Britain and Germany
Brainstorm some similarities and differences between the two largest European powers in WWI.

7. Recruitment
Persuading people to volunteer, or enlist in the armed forces How could you make people apply for a job where there is a fair chance they will be killed or injured??

8. Recruitment
Kitchener’s recruitment campaign was very successful. 33,000 men joined per day. By the end of the year, half a million had joined up. 2.6 million joined by Requirements, 1914: Height: 5ft 6in (1.67m) Chest: 35 inches (89cm) Age: Requirements, 1916: Height: 5ft (152cm) Age: 18-40

9. Recruitment

10. Recruitment Posters

11. Recruitment Posters

12. Recruitment
What ideas and concepts did WW1 recruitment propaganda emphasise? How are they different from recruitment methods today?

13. Conscription
Compulsory enlistment in the armed forces. Before WW1, all major powers except Britain had conscription. Lord Kitchener introduced it to Britain in 1914.

14. Conscription
Germany: Thanks to conscription, Germany had a massive army – figures differ but the total was over 3 million in Around 11 million men served during the war. Britain: 3 million men volunteered to join before Heavy losses led to conscription. ‘Kitchener’s Army’ was at first only made up of single men, but soon all men up to age 50 were enlisted. 9 million served total.

15. ‘Conchies’
Pacifists believe in peace. Sometimes they are called conscientious objectors. They refuse to fight for moral reasons. 16,000 British men refused to fight in WW1. Some performed non-combat duties refused to do anything. These men were called ‘absolutists’ and were often forced into military units or jailed.

16. Censorship
Censorship is government control of information In WW1, both sides placed a large number of restrictions on civilians Newspapers could not print news that might affect public morale The government had to OK all war reports All soldiers’ letters were read and censored

17. Censorship
Censored letter

18. DORA
Defence Of the Realm Act A set of emergency powers passed by the British govt, without debate, on August 8th It gave the government sweeping powers

19. no-one was allowed to talk about naval or military matters in public places
no-one was allowed to spread rumours about military matters
no-one was allowed to buy binoculars, or fly kites
no-one was allowed to trespass on railway lines or bridges
no-one was allowed to melt down gold or silver
no-one was allowed to light bonfires or fireworks
no-one was allowed to give bread to horses or chickens
no-one was allowed to use invisible ink when writing abroad
no-one was allowed to buy brandy or whisky in a railway refreshment room         
no-one was allowed to ring church bells
the government could take over any factory or workshop
the government could try any civilian breaking these laws
the government could take over any land it wanted to
the government could censor newspapers
the government introduced British Summer Time to give more daylight for extra work
opening hours in pubs were cut
beer was watered down
customers in pubs were not allowed to buy a round of drinks

20. Propaganda
Propaganda is any information designed to persuade or influence an audience. It usually appeals to emotions and prejudices...especially strong ones Such as...

21. How does this British poster work as propaganda?