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Urbanization 4.5: Explain the causes and effects of urbanization in late 19th century America, including the movement from the farm to the city, the changing immigration patterns, the rise of ethnic neighborhoods, the role of political machines, and the migration of African Americans to the North, Midwest, and West.
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Urbanization – the mass movement of people from rural areas to the large cities.
Driving force is access to JOBS!
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Growth of Cities Cities developed as a result of geographic factors
1st: Centers of Trade 2nd: Transportation Hubs 3rd: Centers of Industrial Production
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Technological Innovations
Cities “Grow UP” Elevators Steel Girders Suspension Bridges Electric Trolley Cars Elevated Tracks Subways
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Immigration and Migration
Foreign immigrants attracted to opportunity Open Immigration policies of government Migration Farmers move to cities to find work Cities offered exciting lifestyle & culture Despite the phenomenal growth, the majority of Americans still lived in rural areas
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Immigration Shift OLD IMMIGRANTS NEW IMMIGRANTS Irish, Scots, Germans
More familiar language, culture Discrimination continues for some – they turn on new immigrants NEW IMMIGRANTS Italian, Polish, Jewish, Russians Very different languages and cultures NATIVISM – defending the rights of natural born citizens or old immigrants over that of “NEW” immigrants
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Ethnic Neighborhoods Immigrants tend to settle in places where they can find familitarity Language Culture Creates several “Littles” = Chinatown, Little Italy, etc. New York City becomes a “Melting Pot” – people from everywhere Established immigrants helped new arrivals to find jobs and housing
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Immigration and Politics
City politicians use their influence and the wave of immigrants to concentrate power Immigrants gave their votes to political bosses in gratitude for help finding housing and employment The political “bosses” controlled the big cities through corruption Bribery City contracts Kickbacks Tammany Hall – Democratic Headquarters of New York City William “Boss” Tweed becomes most notorious city boss
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The “Political Machine”
City Boss Ward Bosses control jobs, housing, elections Mayor puppet figure controlled by city boss Gang Leaders bring immigrants & control neighborhood for boss Immigrants & Workers pledge votes in exchange for jobs, housing, etc.
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African Americans Most African Americans stayed in the South after the Civil War 1890s- African Americans migrated as a result of poor cotton yields and as a means of escaping Jim Crow laws, intimidation, and lynching Some moved west in search of land Some moved the the cities of the North and Midwest African Americans found discrimination in the cities Last to be hired, first to be fired Used as strikebreakers and were resented by the strikers Relegated to the least desirable parts of the city and lived in segregated neighborhoods
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