1. Post 1994 Trend: Fewer Seat Changes
The 2002 results were consistent with the previous three elections: no dramatic changes in the partisan balance.
Since 1994:
Republican:
Most: 230
Least: 221
Democratic:
Most: 212
Least: 204 …
230
221
+ 18
212
+ 17
204

2. Post 1994 Trend: Fewer Seat Changes
Post 1994 Trend: Seat Changes …
233
+ 31*
202
- 30
* Democrats also picked up a previously Independent at-large seat in Vermont.

3. Post 1994 Trend: Fewer Seat Changes
Post 1994 Trend: Seat Changes …
257
+ 21
178
- 21

4. Post 1994 Trend: Fewer Seat Changes
Post 1994 Trend: Seat Changes …
- 21
242
193
+64
-64

5. Senate: Extended Debate
70%
51%
27%
18%

6. Where Measures Failed 43% 43% 29% 27% Sessions of Congress
70%
51%
27%
18%
Legislation Passed:

7. Post 1994 Trend: Fewer Seat Changes
The 2002 results were consistent with the previous three elections: no dramatic changes in the partisan balance.
Since 1994:
Republican:
Most: 230
Least: 221
Democratic:
Most: 212
Least: 204 …
233
+ 31
202
- 30

8. Reasons for Stasis Since 1994
Reasons for Partisan Parity
There are a number of reasons for the apparent partisan balance in Congress:
1. Low Turnover since 1996:
2. Careerists on the Rise Again
3. Low “Retirement” Rates
Redistricting Did Not Challenge as Many Incumbents

9. Reasons for Stasis Since 1994
Reasons for Partisan Parity
There are a number of reasons for the apparent partisan balance in Congress:
1. Low Turnover since 1996:
In 1998 and 2000: 98% of incumbents were reelected.

10. Reasons for Stasis Since 1994
Reasons for Partisan Parity
There are a number of reasons for the apparent partisan balance in Congress:
2. Careerists on the Rise Again

11. Reasons for Stasis Since 1994
Reasons for Partisan Parity
There are a number of reasons for the apparent partisan balance in Congress:
1. Low Turnover since 1996:
In 1998 and 2000: 98% of incumbents were reelected.
2. Careerists on the Rise Again
3. Low “Retirement” Rates
Redistricting Did Not Challenge as Many Incumbents
In 2002, 396 members ran for reelection. 8 lost in Primaries, 8 Lost in General Elections. Half of the 16 defeats were in redistricted districts were an incumbents ran against an incumbent.

12. Reasons for Stasis Since 1994
Reasons for Partisan Parity
There are a number of reasons for the apparent partisan balance in Congress:
1. Low Turnover since 1996:
In 1998 and 2000: 98% of incumbents were reelected.
2. Careerists on the Rise Again
3. Low “Retirement” Rates
Redistricting Did Not Challenge as Many Incumbents
In 2002, 396 members ran for reelection. 8 lost in Primaries, 8 Lost in General Elections. Half of the 16 defeats were in redistricted districts were an incumbents ran against an incumbent.

13. GOVT 747: Legislation and Lobbying Spring 2009
Legislative Process
GOVT 747: Legislation and Lobbying Spring 2009

14. Speaker Relevant Comm Hearing Kill Pass Approp/Ways & Means No Action
Moved
Hearing
Kill
Pass
Approp/Ways & Means
No Action
Adverse
Pass
Pull
Floor
Floor
Floor
Wright, Chapter 3: Vermont Legislature

15. Speaker Relevant Comm Hearing Pass Kill Ways & Means Rules
Moved
Pass
Kill
Ways & Means
Rules
Steer/Policy
Study
Kill
Pass
Adverse
Calendar
Pass
No Action
Floor
Floor
Floor
Massachusetts Legislature

16. Squire and Hamm, p. 102

17. Squire and Hamm, p. 102