1. Social Change

2. Social Change: An Introduction
Change is a general phenomena that being occurred in society very much. In an another sense, society is always in changing process . Society can never stopped in a specific way . Changes are either in positive way or in negative way in society.

3. Social Change
Changes or mobilization in different institutions are both of backward mobility or in upward mobility. As changes occur, people of the earth are living in the so-called civilized world. Such as changes from primitive society to modern society to post modern society .

4. Definition of Social Change
Social change is a general term which refers:
a) To change in the nature, the social institutions, the social behaviour or the social relations of a society, community of people, or other social structures.

5. Definition of Social Change
b) While the term is usually applied to changes that are beneficial to society, it may result in positive side-effects or consequences that undermine or eliminate existing ways of life that are considered negative.

6. Theories of social change
Some social changes are almost always occurring, but many different theories have attempted to explain significant social changes in history.
▶Functionalist Theories:T. Parsons viewed that society as being in a natural state of equiliobrium. By the term “equilibrium” model a change may occur in one part of society, adjustment must be made in other parts. If not , society’s equilibrium will be threatened and stains will occur.

7. Theories of social change
Evolutionary Theory: The pioneering work Charles Darwin in biological evolution contributed to 19th centuries of social change. Darwins’s approach stresses a continuing progression of sucessive life forms. Early evolutionary theorists generally agreed that society was progreesing inevitably to a higher state as might be expected.

8. THEORIES OF SOCIAL CHANGE
they concluded in ethnocentric fashion that their own behavior and culture were more advanced than those of earlier civilizations.
Similarly, Emile Durkheim maintained that society progressed from simple to more complex forms of social organization .

9. Theories of Social Change:
Conflict Theory: According to conflict theorists , changes has crucial significance since it is needed to correct social injustice and inequalities. According to Marx, History proceeds through a series of stages, each of which exploits a class of people. Ancient people exploited slaves; the estates system of feudalism exploited serfs.

10. Theories of Social change
Modern capitalist society exploits the working class. To him , ultimately human society will move toward the final stage of development : a classless communist society or “ community of free individuals”.

11. Theories of Social change
Marx argues that conflict is a normal and desirable aspect of social change. In fact , change must be encouraged as a means of eliminating social inequalities .

12. Causes of Social Change
The causes of social change below affect or characterize every aspect of society across the world.
On a macro scale: They shape all of our major social institutions such as economics, politics, religion, family, education, science/technology, military, legal system, and so on.
On a micro scale: They shape values, attitudes, beliefs and behaviors of human being to all over the world.

13. Causes of Social Change
1.Technological and Economic Changes-
a) Agricultural advancements:
Examples include irrigation, plow system, cotton industry that develop the surplus food which lead to population growth and urbanization. People were able to work outside of the farm.
b) Industrialization :The process of changing from a manual labor force to a technology driven labor force in which machines play a large role.

14. Causes of Social Change
Lead to changes in (by Industrialization ):
a. Work place, people work outside of the home/community which lead to changes in gender activities (value of child care, value of labor).
b. Work became centered and organized around machines. Alienation from a particular group.
c. Weapons production – guns, nuclear weapons.
d. Informative Society, Information are available around us that also leads to the social change.

15. Social Change & Characteristics of industrialized societies
1) Smaller percentage of people are doing their activities in agriculture, increased division of labor in production house, specialization of occupations, increase in education of workforce, Increase in economic organizations (businesses).

16. Social Change & Characteristics of industrialized societies
The number of Population are increasing to a high rate day by day. Because (a) high birth rates and low death rates in some countries (greater population sizes) .(b) high birth rate and high death rates in specially in African regions. And also (c) smaller birth rate and little death rates in European countries that equalizes their overall development.

17. Social Change & Characteristics of industrialized societies
▶People have fewer children as society industrialized because role of family changes and technological advancements allow control of reproduction.
▶Families change from extended to nuclear families due to geographic and occupational mobility. Family is no longer mainly seen as an economic unit.

18. Social Change 2. Modernization:
The process of moving from an agrarian to industrial society.
Characteristics of modern societies
▶Larger role of government in society and bureaucracy to run governments,
▶Large, formal organizations and division of labor based on specialization of skills and abilities into occupations.

19. Social Change Forming of social institutions to regulate behavior.
▶Laws and sanctions to regulate behavior.
▶Control over and management of environmental resources: oil, water, land, animals, etc.

20. Social Change
3. Urbanization: When large populations live in urban areas rather than rural areas known as urbanization. Usually results from economic opportunities: either people move to a city for jobs, or rural areas become the sites of large businesses which lead to population growth.
4. Bureaucratization: Process by which most formal organizations in a society (businesses, government, non-profits) run their organizations via the use of extreme rational and impersonal thinking, an extreme division of labor, and record keeping.

21. Social Change
5. Conflict and Competition : These also play an important role to social change. For examples: War due to religion, ethnic tensions, competition for resources, gender and women’s movement like for equal payment and property. Race and Civil Rights Movement, collective political power, homosexuality becoming more available, but still denied civil and human rights. But Positive Outcomes are like solidarity, safety notions, positively social development, welfare activities are enhancing .

22. Social Change a) Elected officials:
6. Political and Legal Power:
a) Elected officials:
Redistribution of wealth to the all the peoples by the elected persons and control over income and property taxes. They can charge over negative action, ability to sue insurance companies, increase minimum wage in labor (leads to change in unemployment, part-time employment, health insurance.
b) Unelected officials: Such as the civil society ,they can control over corporate power (jobs, goods and services and cost of culture, donations to political campaigns.

23. Social Change 7. Ideology :
a) Religious beliefs. Rise of capitalism in the world ,due to religious beliefs Protestantism emerged and many other work ethics developed in the work place. Religious beliefs sometimes lead to revolution and civil wars which lead to new countries. Like in Iran, Islamic revolution occurred in 1979 and developed a Islamic republic.

24. Social Change
8. Diffusion: populations in the world are adopting new goods and services from anywhere he or she stays. Much of the materialist products are being applied to following the marketing policy .(celebrities campaigns in drinking milk, cold drinks), public health (birth control in less developed countries) etc.
9. Acculturation
Examples: Asian Americans, American Indians are being eliminated through the dominancy of white American people. People can prevent social change by preventing acculturation,