1. Sophomore Lit
Things you will be learning and will be tested on throughout this quarter

2. Elements of plot

3. Exposition Inciting incident Rising action Climax Falling action
Setting
Character
Mood
Inciting incident
Leads to the conflict
Rising action
Climax
Falling action
Resolution
(denouément)

4. Theme

5. the central idea embodied or explored in a work
Theme
the central idea embodied or explored in a work

6. The central idea embodied or explored in a work.
theme
The central idea embodied or explored in a work.
A theme is expressed in a complete sentence: it needs both a subject (topic) and a predicate (something about the topic).

7. Examples of theme:
Love

8. Examples of theme:
Love is a topic.

9. Examples of theme:
Topic: Love
Theme:

10. Topic: Love Theme: Unconditional love withstands any obstacle.
Examples of theme:
Topic: Love
Theme: Unconditional love withstands any obstacle.

11. Topic: Hope Theme: Hope can help a person survive a dark time.
Examples of theme:
Topic: Hope
Theme: Hope can help a person survive a dark time.

12. Examples of theme:
Topic: Courage
Theme: It is important to have the courage to express your individuality.

13. Examples of theme:
Topic: Jealousy
Theme: Jealousy can cause lasting damage to individuals and relationships.

14. inference
the act or process of reaching a conclusion about something from evidence and what you know rather than from a direct statement

15. What happened to the cat’s legs?

16. Evidence:
cat has wooden legs
piranha is in an open bowl

17. What you know:
cats play
piranhas have sharp teeth

18. a character who does not change
Dynamic Character
Static Character
a character who does not change
a character who changes and grows because of what happens to him or her

19. Conflict
a struggle between opposing forces or characters in a literary work; gives rise to and is a focal point for the action of a plot

20. Walter vs. Beneatha Bob Ewell vs. Atticus Finch Julian vs. his mother
Person vs. Person
Walter vs. Beneatha
Bob Ewell vs. Atticus Finch
Julian vs. his mother

21. Person vs. Society Mayella vs. society (isolation)
Miss Maudie vs. foot-washing Baptists’ morality
Arthur “Boo” Radley vs. the majority of Maycomb

22. Irony  

23. Irony  
When what is reality is opposite from, and usually worse than, appearance.
Banksy painting on Palestinian wall

24. Irony  
(The shirt they are lined up to buy says “Destroy Capitalism”)

25. irony  
In “Everything That Rises Must Converge,” Julian says “It’s not like it will kill you…” His statement becomes verbally ironic because she dies, though his comment at the time is meant only as a statement of irritation.

26. Symbolism
A symbol is something that represents both itself and something beyond itself.
It is a prominent or repeated image or action that is tangible but also conveys an abstract meaning beyond itself.

27. “Vanitas”: Latin for "vanity"; loosely translated—meaninglessness of earthly life and the transient nature of all earthly goods and pursuits.Vanitas symbols: skulls—reminders of the certainty of death; rotten fruit—decay; bubbles—brevity of life and suddenness of death; smoke, watches, and hourglasses—brevity of life; and musical instruments—brevity and the ephemeral nature of life.

28. Point of View
The vantage point from which an author presents a story, combining
person:
first, second, or third
and perspective (third person):
objective, limited, omniscient

29. person: first (I) second (you) third (he, she, they)
Point of View
person:
first (I)
second (you)
third (he, she, they)

30. Point of View

31. Point of View and third-person perspectives:
objective: In this mode of narration, the narrator tells a third-person’s story, but the narrator only describes characters’ behavior and dialogue.  The narrator does not reveal any character’s thoughts or feelings explicitly.
Limited: the narrator reveals the thoughts and feelings of one character through explicit narration. 

32. Point of View and third-person perspectives: omniscient:
omni—all
scient—knowing
the narrator grants readers the most access to characters’ thoughts and feelings.  With third-person omniscient narration, the narration will reveal more than one characters’  internal workings. 

33. Subject and Predicate
Subject: The word or word group about which the predicate says something
Predicate: The part of the sentence that says something about the subject

34. Subject and Predicate Ophelia (subject) wept (complete predicate).
Ophelia (subject) wept because her sack of rotten potatoes dropped on her foot that she had already injured the day before (complete predicate).

35. Phrases and Clauses
Phrase: a sequence of related words that does not have a subject and/or a predicate and is used as a single part of speech
Clause: A sequence of related words that has a subject and a predicate.
(main/independent or subordinate/dependent)

36. List 15 prepositions from memory

37. Identify Prepositional Phrases
We admire the beauty of animals’ tails.
of animals’ tails
of animals’ tails.

38. Identify Prepositional Phrases
The tails of birds and animals can be useful appendages to their bodies.
of birds and animals
to their bodies
to their bodies.

39. Identify Prepositional Phrases
Similarly, by means of his tail feathers, a male peacock displays his interest in front of the hen.
by means of his tail feathers
in front of the hen
in front of the hen.

40. Identify Subject and Predicate
“Out of the snarl of beard two small eyes regarded Rainsford.”

41. Identify Subject and Predicate
Push!
“Push!” is the predicate (verb).
The subject is the implied “you” (You push!)

42. Identify Subject and Predicate
“He had never slept in a more comfortable bed, Rainsford decided.”

43. Identify Subject and Predicate
A predicate gives information about the subject of a sentence.

44. How do you punctuate a short story?
“The Most Dangerous Game”
The Most Dangerous Game

45. How do you punctuate a short story?
“The Most Dangerous Game”

46. How do you punctuate a book title?
“The Outsiders”
The Outsiders

47. How do you punctuate a book title?
The Outsiders

48. Apply capitalization rules

49. MLA format for heading a paper