1. Mainstreaming Environmental Concerns into Development Projects and Programs Three Examples from ADB’s Work in PRC
Bruce Carrad, Principal Project Specialist (Natural Resources), PRCM, Beijing
22 March 2005

2. Examples from Three TA Projects
Control and Management of Rural Non-Point Pollution
Transjurisdiction Environment Management in Yellow River Basin
PRC-GEF Partnership on Combating Combating Land Degradation

3. 1. Control, Management of Rural Non-Point Pollution
NSP from contaminated surface cropland runoff (fertilizers and pesticides), village sewage, agricultural solid waste, and livestock waste is massive and increasing
All major eastern cities, regions affected
Fertilizer/pesticides exceed crop requirements, leading to deteriorating soil and water quality
Pollution levels will more than double by 2020
Waterways and groundwater are affected
No systematic monitoring, data are weak

4. Mainstreaming Solutions
A major problem in all OECD countries, and especially recognized from 1970s
NSP is too complex for single policy solutions
Combination of mandatory and voluntary policies proved most effective
Reinforced via market-based measures – charges, tradable permits, subsidies
Institutional reforms, better coordination, improved data and monitoring needed in PRC

5. 2. Transjurisdiction Pollution Control in YRB
Natural river flow decreasing and heavily polluted. Mostly class 5 water or worse
Untreated industrial discharges the main cause
No incentives for provinces to treat, manage or conserve for benefit of downstream users
EPBs have primary responsibility for emission control and monitoring but are ineffective
SEPA has national level responsibility but lacks control of EPBs and has inadequate capacity and resources

6. Mainstreaming Solutions
Similar problem faced by USA in 1950s/60s
Also a huge country with similar geology and climatic range
Long record of science-based solutions in context of central/state governments
Policy/legal, financial and institutional reforms are relevant
Educational changes, especially ecology
Environment a legitimate concern, not just economic growth

7. Mainstreaming Solutions
Long term reform perspective needed for significant effect
Bottom-up approach that involves all stakeholders
Major institutional changes needed, especially legal framework for use of YR, SEPA/EPBs, permit system, monitoring, accurate reporting
Education to promote common understanding of environmental goals and transboundary issues

8. 3. PRC-GEF Partnership on Combating Land Degradation
Land degradation is also a massive problem, especially in dryland areas
Barriers to combating land degradation include
Inadequate policy and legal framework
Sector-driven fragmentation
Poor application of lessons learned
Undeveloped participatory approaches
Perverse incentives
Inadequate financial arrangements and incentives

9. Lessons from international experience highlight the need for …
An integrated ecosystem management approach
Institutions working together
Comprehensive, scientific, and participatory approach
Better management practices
A realistic time frame
Outstanding examples are well documented (e.g., USA, Canada, Australia)
Common understanding is key
Community-driven
Partnership with Government

10. THANK YOU