1. Shaoshan Mao’s homeplace

2. In-Class Exercise: Question 1
1. States and revolution
Define revolution
What factors led to the breakdown of the old (imperial) regime?
How does regime breakdown relate to revolution?

3. States and Social Revolutions
Theda Skocpol: explaining social revolutions
Last class:
Breakdown of old state apparatus key part of revolutionary situation
Domestically—domestic rebellion
Internationally—defeat in international war
Today:
Creation of new political order key part of successful revolution
Ideology
Organization
Mass support

4. The Struggle between the KMT and the CCP
Competing to create
the new political order

5. Themes Ideological possibilities Organization
Liberalism
Marxism-Leninism
Confucianism
Nationalism
Organization
Leninist party organizations
“Modern” politics and mass support

6. In-Class Exercise: Question 2
2. Nationalism
According to Wu Guoguang, what are the key characteristics of
May Fourth nationalism?
Late 20th C nationalism?

7. Chinese nationalism Following upon a “century of humiliation”
How to make China
Wealthy
Strong
Free from foreign domination?

10. Fate of liberalism
What would be the role of the Chinese people in their own governance?
Failed experiment in democracy

11. “Modern” politics Mass political participation Political parties
Ironically, “modern” politics coincided with the Warlord years ( )
Roots in response to Taiping Rebellion

12. “Modern Politics”: 1st element Mass participation
Urbanization
especially Shanghai
Literacy
use of vernacular (白话 baihua)
Media
newspapers, magazines
Fostered national awareness, identity
New Youth

13. Historical background on “modern era”
May 4, 1919
May 4th Movement
Student protests
Merchant boycotts
Labor strikes
(Reading ques: Saich, #1)
May 30, 1925
General strike in
Shanghai

14. “Modern Politics”: 2nd element Political Parties
Development of KMT and CCP
Ideology
Distinct ideologies
Organization
Both Leninist parties
democratic centralism

15. Nationalist Party (founded 1912) KMT kuo-min-tang 国民党 guomindang
Sun Yat-sen
Ideology:
Three People’s Principles
Nationalism
Democracy
People’s livelihood
(Reading Question: Blecher #3)

16. Nationalist Party
Organization
Leninist party
democratic centralism 16

17. Chiang Kai-shek

18. In-Class Exercise: Question 3
3. KMT vs. CCP attempts to consolidate power after the revolutionary opening
How effective were KMT attempts to consolidate power?

19. Chinese Communist Party (founded 1921) CCP 共产党 gongchandang
Marxism-Leninism
Radical, egalitarian
Emphasis on
Social transformation
National self-determination
CCP founder Chen Duxiu

20. Phases of Chinese Communist Movement in Countryside
Peasant movement (1920s)
“Soviet” base areas (1927 ff)
Radical land reform
Confiscate land from landlords
redistribute
War of Resistance Against Japan ( )
Moderate land reform
Reduce land rents
Shift tax burden to landlords away from peasants
Mutual aid—share tools, draft animals
Civil War ( ) 20

21. How did the CCP win the civil war on the mainland?
Yan’an Era
CCP arrived in Yan’an following
the Long March ( )
Reading question:
Blecher #4

22. In-Class Exercise: Questions 4-6
4. What types of peasants are most likely to adopt
Predatory strategies?
Protective strategies?
5. “Report on Peasant Movement”: Discuss Mao’s analysis of poor, middle, and rich peasants. Can you relate it to Perry’s analysis of predatory and protective strategies?
6. How did the CCP relate to different types of peasants?

23. How did the CCP mobilize the peasantry?
Tapped tradition of peasant rebellion
CCP peasant organizing
initial rural policies of CCP—very extreme; appeal to poorest
But peasant China very diverse as Perry shows
Organizationally diverse
Ecologically diverse
CCP adapted rural policies (CCP had to do similar analytical exercise that Perry did in her book Rebels and Revolutionaries)
Implemented more moderate policies to elicit support from less destitute peasants
Redirected rebellion toward revolutionary goals through ideology and organization

24. Phases of Chinese Communist Movement in Countryside
Peasant movement (1920s)
“Soviet” base areas (1927 ff)
War of Resistance Against Japan ( )
Civil War ( ) 24

26. How did the CCP win the civil war on the mainland?
Substantive policies informed by ideology
social transformation and rural reform
resistance to Japanese occupation

27. Liu Shaoqi Organizing Anti-Japanese Resistance

28. Anti-Japanese Resistance

29. How did the CCP win the civil war on the mainland?
Organizational techniques
Developed propaganda apparatus
grassroots mobilizing
Developed repressive measures
1942 “Rectification Campaign” 29

30. How did the CCP win the civil war on the mainland?
Organizational techniques
Developed propaganda apparatus
grassroots mobilizing
Developed repressive measures
1942 “Rectification Campaign”
Darker side of Yan’an
Criticism of party restricted
Thought reform
Struggle sessions
Criticism
Self criticism 30

31. Review Revolutionary change has long-term causes
Internal decline
Dynastic cycle
Tradition of peasant rebellion
External challenge posed by Western powers and Japan
The two sides in the revolutionary civil war were products of a new modern politics characterized by
Mass political participation
Political parties: KMT vs. CCP
Shared Leninist organizational models
Distinct ideologies

32. Review Consolidation of revolutionary opening through Ideology
Organization
Mass support

33. Review How did the CCP win the civil war on the mainland?
Ideology informed substantive policies
Social transformation and rural reform
Moderated policies to increase popular support
Resistance to Japanese occupation
Organization: effective organizational techniques
Developed propaganda apparatus
grassroots mobilizing
Developed repressive measures
1942 “Rectification Campaign” 33

34. Land Reform