1. ENLIGHTENMENT THINKERS
CA State Standard : Compare the major ideas of philosophers and their effects on the democratic revolutions in England, the United States, and Latin America (e.g. John Locke, Charles-Louis Montesquieu, Jean-Jacques Rousseau, Simon Bolivar, Thomas Jefferson, James Madison)

2. Age of Reason
Reason and thought
Power of the individual
Height 1700s

3. Thomas Hobbes “war…of every man against every man,” and life would be “solitary, poor, nasty, brutish and short”
Social Contract
Leviathan (1651)
Absolute monarchy

4. John Locke Two Treatises of Government Self-government
3 natural rights

5. Natural Rights
Life: everyone is entitled to live once they are created
Liberty: everyone is entitled to do what they want as long as it does not interfere with the right to life
Property: everyone is entitled to all they create or gain through gift or trade as long as it does not interfere with the right to life or liberty

6. Philosophes Means “philosopher” in French Mid-1700s in France
Application of reason
5 core beliefs
Reason
Nature
Happiness
Progress
Liberty

7. Voltaire “I don’t believe a word you say but will defend to the death you right to say it.”
Tolerance, reason, freedom of religious beliefs, freedom of speech
Targeted clergy, aristocracy and government
Jailed twice and exiled to England for 2 years

8. Baron de Montesquieu “Power should be a check to power.”
French writer
On the Spirit of Laws (1748)
Separation of Powers

9. Jean Jacques Rousseau “Man is born free, and everywhere he is in chains.”
Social Contract
Individual Freedom
Opposite views of most enlightenment thinkers
Abolish noble titles

10. Cesare Bonesana Beccaria
Preservation of social order
Abolish torture and capital punishment
Greatest good

11. Mary Wollstonecraft “If absolute sovereignty be not necessary in a state, how comes it to be so in a family?...If all men are born free, how is it that all women are born slaves?”
A Vindication of the Right of Women (1792)
Education of Women
Self-taught

12. Legacy of the Enlightenment
Belief in Progress
Secular Outlook
Importance of the Individual
Scientific Revolution
Social equality
Style of government (Democratic)
Theories of the Universe
Question religious beliefs
Tolerance of religions
Looked to themselves for answers
Logic and reason to judge right v. wrong
Individual in society