1. Dealing with data qualitative data The main report
Chapter 11-13
Dealing with data
qualitative data
The main report

2. Objectives
To recognize different types of data and understand the implications of data type for subsequent analyses.
To create a data matrix and to code data for analysis by computer.
to select the most appropriate tables and diagrams to explore and illustrate different aspects of your data.

3. Cont.
To select the most appropriate statistics to describe individual variables
To examine relationships between variables and trends in your data.
To interpret the tables, diagrams and statistics that you use correctly

4. General process Preparing your data for analysis by computer
Choosing the most appropriate tables and diagrams to explore and present your data
Choosing the most appropriate statistics to describe your data
Choosing the most appropriate statistics to examine relationships and trends in your data

5. Preparing data for analysis
Type of data (level of numerical measurement)
Format in which your data will be input to the analysis software
Impact of data coding on subsequent analyses (for different data types)
Need to weight cases
Methods you intend to use to check data for errors

6. Data type
Categorical data refer to data whose values cannot be measured numerically but can be either classified into sets (categories).
Descriptive data
Ranked data

7. Data type
Quantifiable data are those whose values you actually measure numerically as quantities.
• Continuous data
• Discrete data

8. Data layout
Virtually all analysis software will accept your data if they are entered in table format. This table is called a data matrix.
A table must has a survey form identifier

9. Coding Coding quantifiable data Coding categorical data
•Coding at data collection
•Coding after data collection
Coding missing data

10. Exploring and presenting data
Exploring and presenting individual variables
To show specific values
To show highest and lowest values
To show the trend
To show proportions
To show the distribution of values

11. Comparing variables To show specific values and interdependence
To compare highest and lowest values
To compare proportions
To compare trends and conjunctions
To compare totals
To compare proportions and totals
To compare the distribution of values
To show the relationship between cases for variables

12. Describe data using statistics
Describing the central tendency
To represent the value that occurs most frequently
To represent the middle value
To include all data values

13. Describe data using statistics
Describing the dispersion
To state the difference between values
To describe and compare the extent by which values differ from the mean

14. Examining relationships, differences and the trends
Testing for significant relationships and differences
Type I and Type II errors
To test whether two variables are associated
To test whether two groups are different
•Categorical data
•Quantifiable data
To test whether three or more groups are different

15. Cont. Assessing the strength of relationship
To assess the strength of relationship between pairs of variables
To assess the strength of a cause-and-effect relationship between variables
To predict the value of a variable from one or more other variables

16. Cont. Examining trends To compare trends
To determine the trend and forecasting

17. An overview of qualitative analysis
Chapter 12
An overview of qualitative analysis
Understanding the characteristics of language
Discovering regularities
Comprehending the meaning of text or action
Reflection

18. An overview of qualitative analysis
Categorisation
“Unitising” data
Recognizing relationships and developing categories
Developing and testing hypotheses
The interactive nature of the process
Analytical aids
􀂾Summaries
􀂾Self-memos
􀂾Researcher’s diary

19. Strategies for qualitative analysis
Using a theoretical or descriptive framework
Exploring without a predetermined theoretical or descriptive framework

20. Deductive based analytical strategies and procedures
Pattern matching
Explanation building
Impact of a deductive approach on the analysis process

21. Chapter 13
The main report