1. Urban America

2. Population Shifts
in 6 Americans lived in cities of 8,000 or more OR nearly 20 percent lived in cities
in 10 lived in cities OR 33.3 percent lived in cities
percent lived in cities
percent lived in cities
Urban population increased 700 percent between 1865 and 1905

3. Economic and Social Forces that Changed the Cities
Industrialization
Railroads
Immigration
Rural to urban migration
Americans left the declining agricultural regions
Almost all moved to cities
Young rural women frequently left
Southern Blacks began moving during the Gilded Age, but it would be later that would experience the greatest movement

4. Transportation Revolution,
Cities could spread farther
Distance was cut down
Horse railways,
1880s
Subways, elevated trains and electric trolleys,1890s

5. Fifth Avenue in New York City on Easter Sunday in 1900
Cities created shared Public Spaces
Parks and areas of recreation

6. Hester Street, New York City c. 1902
Immigration led to scenes like this one

7. Mass Consumption Department Stores Mail Order Catalogues
Women Targeted

8. 1913
1897

9. New York tenements at the turn of the century
First tenements built in mid 1850s
500,000 people per square mile in the Lower East Side. One person per square foot.

10. Diagram of a dumbbell tenement, c. 1879 Illegal by 1901
The 1879 law required that every inhabitable room have a window opening to plain air, a requirement that was met by including air shafts between adjacent buildings. Old Law Tenements are commonly called "dumbbell tenements" after the shape of the building footprint: the air shaft gives each tenement the narrow-waisted shape of a dumbbell, wide facing the street and backyard, narrowed in between to create the air corridor. They were built in great numbers to accommodate waves of immigrating Europeans from troubled nations. The side streets of Manhattan's Lower East Side are lined with dumbbell structures.

11. Children sleeping in Mulberry Street (1890)
Jacob Riis ( ) Photographer and author of How the Other Half Lives (1890)
Jacob Riis was a progressive Reformer
Photographer
Looked to impact change
Photgraphs would ultimately change the history of cities
Children sleeping in Mulberry Street (1890)

12. Street Arabs in sleeping quarters
Jacob Riis

13. Sabbath Eve in a Coal Cellar
Jacob Riis

14. Police Station Lodger
Jacob Riis

15. Showing Their Tricks: Hell’s Kitchen Boys, 1888-1889
Jacob Riis

16. Bohemian Cigar Makers in a Tenement Sweatshop, 1889
Jacob Riis

17. Museum of the City of New York
Room in a Tenement Flat, 1910
Jessie Tarbox Beals
Museum of the City of New York

18. Chicago Slums c. 1900 Children playing near a dead horse

19. Jane Addams, founder of Hull House (1860-1935)
In 1931, Addams became the first American woman to win the Nobel Peace Prize  

20. Hull House, Chicago 1889

21. Lillian Wald (1867-1940), nurse, social worker
Wald introduced
the pioneering
concept of
public health nursing

22. Lillian Wald founded Henry Street Settlement in New York in 1895
Lillian Wald in her office

23. One of Lillian Wald's nurses takes a short cut across tenement roofs to visit a patient, c. 1908

24. Home of an Italian Rag picker, 1888
Jacob Riis

25. Political Machine Immigrants fueled the machine as voters.
Organized group  that controlled the activities of a political party in a city.
Immigrants fueled the machine as voters.
They Received:
Naturalization
Housing
Jobs
Newly arriving immigrants needed support, political machines offered it
Principle job of a political boss was WIN votes
These were essentially vehicles for making $$$
Offered services to voters and businesses in exchange for political and financial support.
Pyramid with local precinct workers at bottom and political boss at top.
Led to high levels of corruption, graft, and greed
City governments had been historically weak---also these people tended to be

27. Tammany Hall and Machine Politics
Boss
City Hall
Mayor
Bd. of Aldermen
Urban Machine kept society running
Politicians who could mobolize and gain power were able to dominate
-Found jobs for those who needed them—Example of this type of Government- A politician might learn where a new street car line was going to be built and would have his cronies buy the land there and then sell it back to the state or city for a great profit
-Most famous was Boss Tweed- in NYC- His actions landed him in jail
2nd
Ward
3rd
Ward
4th
Ward
1st
Ward
VOTES
MONEY