1. Compaction & Consolidation
Prof. Mayur M. Maske
HoD
Civil Engineering(Diploma)
RIT, Rajaramnagar
Mayur M Maske

2. What is compaction? + water =
A simple ground improvement technique, where the soil is densified through external compactive effort.
Compactive effort
+ water =
Mayur M Maske

3. Definition:
Soil compaction is defined as the method of mechanically increasing the density of soil by reducing volume of air.
gsoil (2) > gsoil (1)
Load
Air
Air
Water
Water
Soil
Matrix
Compressed
soil
Solids
Solids
WT1
WT1
gsoil (1) =
gsoil (2) =
VT1
VT2
Mayur M Maske

4. Compaction
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8. Compaction- Objectives
Decrease future settlements
Increase shear strength
Decrease permeability
Increases load-bearing capacity
Prevent frost damage
Provides stability
Reduces swelling and contraction
Mayur M Maske

9. Factor Affecting Soil Compaction: 1- Soil Type 2- Water Content (wc)
3- Compaction Effort Required (Energy)
4- Compaction method
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10. Standard Proctor Test
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11. Laboratory Compaction
The fundamentals of compaction of fine-grained soils are relatively new. R.R. Proctor in the early 1930’s was building dams for the old Bureau of Waterworks and Supply in Los Angeles, and he developed the principles of compaction in a series of articles in Engineering News-Record. In his honor, the standard laboratory compaction test which he developed is commonly called the proctor test.
Mayur M Maske

12. Laboratory Compaction
Purpose
The purpose of a laboratory compaction test is to determine the proper amount of mixing water to use when compacting the soil in the field and the resulting degree of denseness which can be expected from compaction at this optimum water.
Mayur M Maske

13. 3.1.2 Test Equipment Standard Proctor test equipment Mayur M Maske
Das, 1998

14. Soil Compaction in the Lab:
1- Standard Proctor Test
2- Modified Proctor Test
Modified Proctor Test
Standard Proctor Test
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15. 3.2 Variables of Compaction
Proctor established that compaction is a function of four variables:
Dry density (d) or dry unit weight d.
Water content w
Compactive effort (energy E)
Soil type (gradation, presence of clay minerals, etc.)
Volume of mold
Number of blows per layer
Number of layers
Weight of hammer
Height of drop of hammer 
E =
For standard Proctor test
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16. 3.3 Procedures and Results (Cont.)
Line of optimums
Zero air void
d max
Dry density d (Mg/m3)
Dry density d (lb/ft3)
Modified Proctor
Optimum water content is typically slightly less than the plastic limit.
Standard Proctor
Water content w (%)
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Holtz and Kovacs, 1981

17. increasing compaction energy = increasing number of blows
Effect of Energy on Soil Compaction
Increasing compaction energy
Lower OWC and higher dry density
Higher
Energy
Dry Density
In the field
increasing compaction energy = increasing number of passes or reducing lift depth
ZAV
In the lab
increasing compaction energy = increasing number of blows
Water Content
Mayur M Maske

18. General Compaction Methods
Coarse-grained soils
Fine-grained soils
Falling weight and hammers
Kneading compactors
Static loading and press
Vibrating hammer (BS)
Laboratory
Hand-operated vibration plates
Motorized vibratory rollers
Rubber-tired equipment
Free-falling weight; dynamic compaction (low frequency vibration, 4~10 Hz)
Hand-operated tampers
Sheepsfoot rollers
Rubber-tired rollers
Field
Vibration
Kneading
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(Holtz and Kovacs, 1981; Head, 1992)

19. Soil Compaction in the Field:
1- Rammers
2- Vibratory Plates 
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20. Soil Compaction in the Field:
3- Smooth Rollers
4- Rubber-Tire
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21. 5- Sheep foot Roller
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22. 6- Dynamic Compaction
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