1. Human Physiology Organ Systems
Ch.35-1

2. Levels of organization
Cells -> _________ -> ___________ -> _________ ________-> organisms

3. Different types of organ systems
Endocrine System –
Nervous System –
Circulatory System –
4. Respiratory System -

4. Different types of organ systems
Urinary/Excretory System –
Immune System –
7. Skeletal/Muscular System –
Digestive System –
9. Integumentary System

5. Homeostasis
the regulation and maintenance of internal environment within the narrow ranges that support life
_____________________
Ex. ___________________________________

6. Human Biology Nervous System
Ch. 35-2, 3, 4 & 5

7. Physiology Objectives
9. As a result of the coordinated structures and functions of organ systems, the internal environment of the human body remains relatively stable (homeostatic), despite changes in the outside environment. As a basis for understanding this concept, students know:
a. how the complementary activity of major body systems provides cells with oxygen and nutrients, and removes toxic waste products such as carbon dioxide.
b. how the nervous system mediates communication between different parts of the body and interactions with the environment.
c. how feedback loops in the nervous and endocrine systems regulate conditions within the body.
d. the functions of the nervous system, and the role of neurons in transmitting electrochemical impulses.
e. the roles of sensory neurons, interneurons, and motor neurons in sensation, thought, and response.
f.* the individual functions and sites of secretion of digestive enzymes (amylases, proteases, nucleases, lipases), stomach acid, and bile salts.
g.* the homeostatic role of the kidneys in the removal of nitrogenous wastes, and of the liver in blood detoxification and glucose balance.
h.* the cellular and molecular basis of muscle contraction, including the roles of actin, myosin, Ca+2, and ATP.
i.* how hormones (including digestive, reproductive, osmoregulatory) provide internal feedback mechanisms for homeostasis at the cellular level and in whole organisms.

8. Nerve cell (neuron)
_________ -> _________ -> _______ (__________) -> _____________
__________ sheath speeds up the transmission of the nerve impulse.

9. Neuron

11. Types of Neuron
________ neuron – sends information from receptor in __________to ___________
________ neuron – sends commands from _____ to __________
___________ – connect ________ and ________neurons

12. The Reflex Arc
The three types of neurons (________, __________, __________) are arranged in circuits and networks, the simplest of which is the ______________.
A reflex does NOT involve the _________.

13. Type of Receptors 1. _____________(the retina of your eyes) = light
______ – sensitive to light but not to colors (night vision)
______ – color vision
2. _______________ (skin) = heat/cold
3. _______________(tongue, nose) = taste/smell
4. _________________ (pressure) = ears, skin

15. How does the action potential transmitted along an axon of a neuron?
_________________(nerve impulse or electrical message) = travel along a neuron as flow of electrical charges across cell membranes. (______)
_________________– when a neuron is not conducting an impulse, the neurons have ___________ potential. (________)

16. When a neuron is conducting an impulse, ________enters the neuron and it turns ___________.
_________ leaves the neuron and it returns to _______ resting potential later.

17. Sodium-potassium Pump
Na = sodium K = potassium
During an action potential or nerve impulse,
_____________& ______________through channel proteins.
So, Na-K pumps have to make sure Na & K concentrations return to normal.
After an action potential, Na-K pump moves ________& _______to return to the resting potential using energy/ATP’s. (_______________)
Sodium-potassium pump is a protein that acts like a __________.

18. Sodium-potassium pump

19. How do neurons communicate?
________ transmission along a neuron and a ________ transmission between two neurons.

20. Synapse = ____________________

21. Synapse
Nerve impulse in the___________ neuron makes __________ with ____________ to fuse with the membrane.
________ release _________ into synapse.
N.T. diffuse across synapse and bind to ____________ on ___________membrane.
Impulse is started and travels down the ________-synaptic neuron.
_________ breaks down N.T. to stop transmission.

22. Synapse

23. Brain

24. Brain Anatomy
* _____________ – largest part of the brain, controls conscious thought & memory.
* _____________ -controls muscle action & balance
(__________________in your ______ also helps with balance.)
* ___________________ – deals with basic needs such as sleep, hunger, thirst, temp regulation
* Brain stem (3 parts)
-________________ – controls reflexes
-_____________________- controls heart rate, breathing rate & flow of blood
-_____________ – relay station between cerebrum & cerebellum

25. Effect of drugs Drugs usually affect __________.
Ex. Prozac for depression increases __________ (mood-enhancing neurotransmitter) level in the synapse. Prozac is the commercial name for fluoxetine, the first serotonin reuptake inhibitor
Parkinsons’ disease is caused by a decrease in _________ level.
When a drug blocks the dopamine receptors, schizophrenia is temporarily treated.

26. Effect of Drugs
_______________ – stimulates the nervous system. ex. ___________________________
____________ – lowers the activity of the nervous system. ex. ____________________
__________ – relieves pain
ex. ___________________________

28. Endocrine System
Ch. 39

29. Endocrine System Function
Maintains homeostasis in the body by secreting ____________.
Works closely with _________ system

30. Feedback Loop ________ Feedback
Amount of hormone released is stimulated rather than inhibited (self-perpetuating)
Is less common and rarely used to maintain homeostasis (because creating imbalance)
ex. ________enhances labor contraction.

31. Feedback Loop _________ Feedback
-Amount of hormone released depends on body’s demand for that hormone (self-regulating)
-causes hormones to feedback to inhibit the original signal when appropriate amount is present.
Ex. temp

33. Hormones Chemicals secreted by _________ glands in the bloodstream.
Travel through the ___________ to reach their specific target cells.
Bind to ________ on the target cells to cause specific actions such as growth, development, and behavior.

34. Types of Hormone
Peptide hormones

35. Types of hormone

36. Insulin vs. Glucagon ________ decreases blood glucose level.
_______ increases blood glucose level.

37. Regulation of blood calcium level
___________ (secreted by thyroid gland) = decreases blood Ca+2 level
____________ (secreted by parathyroid gland) = increases blood Ca+2 level

38. Types of Glands