1. Cell Biology Essential Questions:
How does the structure of the cell relate to its function?
What is the relationship between the cell’s function and human illness? B
Handout (guided notes) can be accessed at C

2. Cytology = the study of cells
All Animal Cells have 3 main parts
Nucleus
Cytoplasm (cytosol)
Cell Membrane
All of the body’s functions are carried out by the cell, which are organized into tissues.

3. Cells within your body vary in size, structure, and function.
They all start off the same way in an organism, but eventually
DIFFERENTIATE into specific types of cells.
What is cell differentiation?
The process of cells becoming more specialized
Cells pictured: neuron, red blood cells, columnar cells of respiratory system

4. Cell Membrane: (also called phospholipid bilayer) consists of phospholipids and embedded proteins.
The membrane regulates what enters and leaves the cell. It is
SELECTIVELY PERMEABLE.

5. Many of the cell’s metabolic reactions occur in this area.
The cytoplasm (cytosol) is the area between the nucleus and the membrane. (contains organelles)
Many of the cell’s metabolic reactions occur in this area.
Do you remember what metabolism is?
Chemical process in cells to produce energy and substances to sustain life

6. ORGANELLES-  "little organs" within the cell that perform specific functions
*As we explore each of the structures, consider how a failure in the structure results in disease*

7. 1. ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM
Transport system; canals and channels that connect membrane to nucleus and to organelles within the cell
Function = transport system

8. 1. ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM
Smooth ER for lipid synthesis
Rough ER
Has ribosomes on the surface
Ribosomes make protein

9. 2. Golgi Apparatus
Function = package and delivery of proteins produced by the ribosomes
Proteins are exported in vesicles

10. 3. Mitochondria ( The “powerhouse” of the cell )
Chemical energy from food is converted to a usable form (ATP) process is called Cellular Respiration
Cellular respiration requires glucose (food) and oxygen

11. Mitochondrial Disorders
When the mitochondria cannot produce enough ATP, cells lack energy to perform basic life processes.
See Video (4 min)

12. 4. Lysosomes - contain enzymes to break down substances (“suicide sac”)
What is the purpose of the enzymes?
break down substances in the cell, such as food or worn out cell parts, even bacteria.

13. Lysosome Storage Disorder - Watch Video (30 s)
Tay Sachs - progressive deterioration of nerve cells and of mental and physical abilities that begins around 7 months of age and usually results in death by the age of four.

14. 5. Centrosome (centrioles) – two cylinders; perpendicular
During cell division, the centrioles form a spindle.
The spindle moves chromosomes during cell division so that each new cell gets the proper number.

15. 6. CYTOSKELETON
made of microfilaments and microtubules for cell shape and support
Cilia and Flagella - both involved in movement (Sketch a picture of each in your notes)

16. Primary Ciliary Dyskinesia disorder causes cells to not create normal cilia.
Cells scraped from the sinuses showed an irregularity in Mackenzie’s cilia.
What is different about this cilia?

17. 7. NUCLEUS - (the “brain” of the cell)
Directs cell activities (the “brain” of the cell)
Contains genetic information (DNA) in the form of chromatin
Nucleolus – responsible for the production of ribosomes
Has tiny pores in the nuclear membrane is where RNA can exit the nucleus

19. Cell membrane
Lysosome
Ribosome
Mitochondria
Golgi Apparatus
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
Vesicle
Chromatin
Nucleolus
Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum
Cytoplasm
Nucleus membrane

20. Centriole
Ribosome
Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum
Mitochondria
Nuclear Membrane
Nucleolus
Golgi Apparatus
Vesicle
Chromatin
Lysosome
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

21. Cells must bring in materials, like food and oxygen and remove wastes.
Movement of Substances Across the Membrane
Sketch this picture in your notes of the phospholipid bilayer
Cells must bring in materials, like food and oxygen and remove wastes.
These processes occur at the cell membrane.
PHOSPHOLIPID BILAYER

22. What limits the size of the cells?
Cells are limited in size by the surface area (membrane) and volume (insides) ratio.

23. Increasing surface area can increase the cell’s efficiency moving substances.
Cells of the digestive system have projections called villi that aid in absorbing nutrients. (video – 2 min)

24. Diffusion - molecules tend to spread out; moving from areas of high concentration to low concentration
This process requires no energy, it is called
PASSIVE TRANSPORT
Diffusion Animation

25. Movement of Substances Through the Membrane
Diffusion - molecules tend to spread out
Facilitated Diffusion - uses proteins as passageways

26. SALT SUCKS Hypertonic Hypotonic Isotonic
OSMOSIS - the diffusion of water
Hypertonic
Hypotonic
Isotonic
SALT SUCKS

27. Osmosis Animation
Hypotonic
Hypertonic

28. SOLUTIONS (check the pictures below in your notes)
Hypertonic Solution Hypotonic Solution Isotonic Solution
Water leaves the red blood cell
Water enters and leaves at equal rates
Water enters the red blood cell

29. Active Transport - requires energy (ATP)
(video – 2 min)
Exocytosis - transport out of the cell
Endocytosis – transport into the cell (phagocytosis & pinocytosis)
Where does the energy come from to power this type of transport?
From ATP produced by the mitochondria

30. Sodium Potassium Pump (video – 2 min)
Na+ /K+ -ATPase is an enzyme found in the plasma membrane of all animal cells. The Na+ /K+ -ATPase enzyme is a solute pump that pumps sodium out of cells while pumping potassium into cells, both against their concentration gradients.

31. A. Interphase = growth phase B. Mitosis = nuclear division
Cells - Part The Life Cycle of the Cell
A. Interphase = growth phase
B. Mitosis = nuclear division
C. Mitosis is followed by cytokinesis (cell division)
The steps of mitosis ensure that each new cell has the exact same number of chromosomes as the original

32. Interphase • Prophase • Metaphase • Anaphase • Telophase
IPMAT

33. The structure of a chromosome

34. 1. chromosomes visible (chromatids)
2. centrioles migrate to the poles
3. nuclear membrane disappears
4. nucleolus disappears
5. spindle forms

35. chromosomes line up on the equator, spindle attaches

36. chromatids separate at the centromere and move to opposite poles

37. 1. chromosomes disappear • chromatin
2. nuclear membrane reforms
3. nucleoli reappears
4. spindle disappears
5. centrioles duplicate

38. - division of the cytoplasm to form 2 new daughter cells
- organelles are divided
- daughter cells are genetically identical
Cells return to interphase

44. Mitosis Video – 1:30

45. DIFFERENTIATION
occurs as cells multiply and organism develops and grows
Stem cells can become many different types of cells, each with their own distinct function.

47. Cancer: caused by uncontrolled cell division

49. APOPTOSIS = programmed cell death (video – show 1st minute only)

50. HeLa Cells – video (TED-Ed 4 min)
HeLa cells are named for cells that were obtained from a woman named Henrietta Lacks in 1951.
Henrietta died of cervical cancer, but the cells harvested from the cancer tumor are used in research today - they are considered an IMMORTAL LINE

51. Why are they immortal?
These cells do not die after a set number of cell divisions. This is a property known as senescence. Researchers can keep cultures of these cells indefinitely.
This makes them very valuable for research purposes!

52. How are HeLa cells used?
Hela cells were used to develop polio vaccines, they have been sent into space, they are used in HIV/AIDs research.
Basically any scientists wanting to study human cells to test pharmaceuticals is probably working with HeLa cells.

53. Was it ethical?
Henrietta Lacks died at the age of 30, never knowing her cell line would continue on in research.
Ethical Questions:
Should scientists ask for consent before using someone’s cells in research?
Does the patient (or family) deserve compensation for the use of the cells?

54. What cancer is most common in men? In women?

55. What type of cancer is most likely to result in death
What type of cancer is most likely to result in death? Is it different in men and women?

56. Essential Questions:
How does the structure of the cell relate to its function?
What is the relationship between the cell’s function and human illness?

57. Name the phases starting at the top.

58. Name the phase
Identify X
Identify Y

59. 5. Name the phase

60. 6. Name the structure

61. Name the structure
What is its function?

62. 10. What will happen to the baggie in the hypertonic solutions?
9. Which beaker(S) contains a solution that is hypertonic relative to the bag
     A                     B                   C                   D                    E
10. What will happen to the baggie in the hypertonic solutions?