1. The Function of DNA

2. DNA Sequence
The DNA sequence is the order the nitrogenous bases are attached
DNA stores information by its sequence
Much like a computer stores information in a sequence of 1’s and 0’s
This sequence determines how the cell will function.

3. DNA Sequence This sequence is used to make proteins
Proteins carry out all of the functions of the cell
DNA makes proteins so this is how it controls the cell

4. How DNA Makes Proteins
Every 3 nucleotides tells the cell what amino acid to use
These amino acids hook to each other
Eventually, the DNA tells the cell to stop adding amino acids
The section of DNA that makes 1 protein is called a gene

5. The Genetic Code is what amino acid goes with each 3 nucleotide sequence
Which amino acid does the code CAA pick?
What protein would be made from the DNA sequence AACGATGACTCAGGC?
The Genetic Code

6. Genes Genes are sections of DNA that make proteins
These genes are passed down when a living thing reproduces
This means the offspring (children) will make the same proteins as the parent

7. Genes to Proteins DNA makes genes Genes create proteins
The types of proteins determine how the cell will function
This is how DNA controls the function of the cell.
DNA is a recipe for all of the proteins in the cell

8. Alleles
Although genes determine how our cells function, they can also determine our traits
Traits – characteristics or living things
Example – your eye colour is a trait
Traits are determined by alleles
Alleles are a group of genes that are located on the same area on a chromosome

9. Alleles
Since living things have 2 of each chromosomes, they have 2 of each allele
How these alleles interact determines what a living things traits are.

10. Dominant vs Recessive Alleles
There are 2 types of alleles.
Dominant and Recessive.
Dominant alleles mask (cover) the presence of other alleles.
Recessive alleles can only be seen if a living thing has 2 recessive alleles

11. Genotype Bb BB bb The alleles of an organism are called its genotype
It is the Genetic Type = Genotype
We show the alleles with letters
Dominant alleles are represented with capital letters
Recessive alleles are represented with lowercase letters
Bb BB bb
Dominant and
Recessive
Allele
2 Dominant
Alleles
2 Recessive
Alleles

12. Phenotype Genotype Bb BB bb Phenotype
The trait shown is called the phenotype
It is the physical type = phenotype
The phenotype is determined by the genotype
Genotype
Phenotype
Bb BB bb
Brown Eyes
Brown Eyes
Blue Eyes

13. Mutations
Sometimes a cell will make a mistake and change a nucleotide in the DNA
This change is called a mutation
Mutations can be neutral, harmful, and rarely beneficial
This depends on the change to the protein made

14. Cancer Cancer is typically caused by a mutation in the DNA
This make the cell function so differently that it will only have the information to copy itself and reproduce
This process happens more quickly and builds a large mass of improperly functioning cells

15. Viruses
Viruses hijack the processes of transcription and translation to do their work
Viruses are a protein that contains DNA or RNA
Viruses find a way to get their DNA or RNA into a cell
The cell reads it and makes the protein it codes for
That protein, is a new virus!
This process continues and releases viruses which then infect more cells

17. Genetic Engineering
Genetic engineering is changing the genome (code) in a living thing.
This is done by taking a section of DNA that codes for a protein you want.
It is then put into a new cell’s DNA.
The organism made from this cell will have this gene and make this protein.