1. The Church in Bondage to the State 885-1049 AD
Chapter 11
Read Section 1 - page 80

2. Feudalism What is it? Dominant social system in medieval Europe
Crown gave land
Nobles gave military service
Vassals were tenants
Peasants were basically slaves
What was the “money”?
Could you be both a vassal and a noble?
Crown
Nobles
Vassals
Peasants

4. Feudalism Ctn. No major cities developed
Everyone was spread out in the country
How did the church get involved?
They were brought into the feudal system with land
The emperor looked at the church as a vassal…

5. Result of Feudalism? Political Decentralization
There was no countries unified under one strong central government
Nobles ruled many small areas

6. The Normans Came from Normandy (big surprise)
Settled in the lands they conquered
Northwestern France

7. Italy and the Pope Italy had the feudal system
The nobles in Italy were constantly fighting with each other
How did this affect the papacy?
A low point for the popes:
Elected by secular nobles
20 new popes in this time span…
Read page 85 – The Papal Office is Sold

9. Terms to Know: Lay Investiture
Investiture – giving to a man who was elected bishop a ring and a staff as symbols of his office
Layman – a man who had not the authority of the Church
Simony
Giving or obtaining an appointment to a church office for money

10. Assignment
Read chapter 11
Answer Questions 1-6

11. Chapter 12 – Read page 86
The church is divided

12. The Western Church Grows strong in the NW
NOT in the south – who was there?
The Germanic tribes
Learned Latin language
Literature
Civilization
The church separates

13. The Split Eastern Empire Withstood the German tribes invasions
Lost Syria, Palestine, and Egypt
Greek Language
Split in 1054
Mainly based on differences and authority figures
Books focus: WESTERN CHURCH

14. Differences: Latin Pope in Rome
Western
Eastern
Latin
Pope in Rome
Mainly present day Italy, France, Germany, and Britain
Greek
Bishop of Constantinople
Mainly the present day area of Greece

15. Monasticism and the Cluny Reform
Chapter 13
Read Section 1 on page 91
Monasticism and the Cluny Reform

16. Asceticism and Monasticism
Means extreme self-denial – denying the comforts and pleasures of life
Turned to religious meditation and the performance of religious forms and rituals
They would beat themselves and fast
Did not marry
Prayed, read, and meditated

17. Pros and Cons to Monasteries in the Middle ages
What do you think?
Pros
Refuge for people
Inns
Hospitals
Centers of agriculture and learning
Cons
Created a higher and lower morality
Read page 94

18. Cluny Reform A new monastery in France was created in 910
Tried to improve religious life by adhering to asceticism
Read last two paragraphs on page 95

19. Assignment
Answer Q’s 1-5 on page 95

20. The Church Makes Efforts to Free Itself
Chapter 14 – Read page 96
The Church Makes Efforts to Free Itself

21. Stages in the Roman Church
Rome was of special importance to the early church
The papacy grew in the bishop of Rome
During the 900s through early 1000s the papacy was corrupt and under State rule
A revival began because of this corruption called the Cluny Reform

22. Assignment
Read all of Chapter 14
Answer Questions: 1-6, 8, and 12

23. Cluny Reformers Use Henry III
Problems with the papacy?
Sold office
3 popes
Henry III
Truly religious
Deposed Sylvester III
Compelled Gregory VI to resign
Deposed Benedict IX
Chose a German Bishop as Pope – Leo IX

24. Pope Leo IX Changed College of Cardinals
Personal assistants and advisors of the pope
Originally who was this college made up of?
Where were they from?
Pope Leo IX chose advisors from many areas and churches
Stressed 3 points:
Forbade priests to marry
Forbade the practice of simony
Forbade lay investiture

25. The Schism Leo IX vs. Michael Cerularius What happened?
In 1054 he sent a letter to the altar of the church in Constantinople
What did that letter say?
Michael then excommunicated Pope Leo IX
Created the schism between Greek Eastern and Latin Western Churches

26. The Cluny Reformers Faced a dilemma
It had broken the bonds of the Roman nobles….
…but now the German emperor held those bonds
Why did they tolerate these bonds?
It had broken the bonds of the Italian nobles
The emperor had pushed reform (unlike the Italian nobles)
Read last two paragraphs on page 99 under section 5

27. Pope Stephen X Stated: Absolutely no lay investiture!
Why would the emperor dislike this opinion?
What was the result of this conflict?
If no answer, read page 99 last 2 paragraphs under section 6

28. Review:
Read Hildebrand’s story:
Section 7 on pages

29. The Church Continues to Free itself
Chapter 15 – Page 102
The Church Continues to Free itself

30. Hildebrand’s Cleverness
Read section 1 on page 102 together
Important parts:
Hildebrand makes alliances
Nicholas II forbade lay investiture

31. Election of Pope The Synod of 1059 – Papal elections Object:
Take control of the papacy out of Italian nobles hands and the emperors hands
New method:
When the pope dies the cardinal bishops are to nominate his successor
Then the clergy and people of Rome approve
A pope may be chosen from any part of the church
Becomes pope immediately

32. Pope Alexander II The decree broke the bonds of the state
Hildebrand got Pope Alexander II into power
Italians had other plans…
What saved the Cluny reform and Hildebrand?
Read the last 3 paragraphs of Section 3 on page 104

33. Hildebrand Becomes pope
Alexander II was being buried in the Basilica when…
Hildebrand becomes pope
How?

34. The Relationship Between Church and State
What is the relationship?
Read pages
3 options:
Church and state should be on the same level
The state should be above the church
The church should be above the state

35. The Relationship Between Church and State Ctn.
What was the eastern empire like?
What was the western empire like?
What should it be in the United States?

36. Assignment:
Chapter 15 Questions
1-7

37. Question for Tomorrow
Number 8

38. The Church is forced to compromise
Read page 107 – First 2 paragraphs
Chapter 16
The Church is forced to compromise

39. Hildebrand’s Beliefs Believed in the City of God
Establishment of the kingdom of God on earth
Believed he was Christ’s vicar
Believed in the Cluny Reform
Believed pope was above all
His character was unmoved by self-interest:
He could not be bribed
Was not moved by ambition or vainglory
Did love to rule
Desired to serve God and the church

40. Struggle for the right of Investiture
What was Hildebrand’s belief about investiture?
The church HAD to be free from the state
State had to be subject to the church…

41. Struggle for the right of Investiture Ctn.
The emperor would lose his power to the nobles
Led to conflict between Henry and Gregory…

42. Assignment/Worktime
Read Section 3 (page 109) – the end of chapter 16 (page 115)
Answer Questions: 1-2, 4-8, 10-12, 2nd part of question 13 (add in the church)

43. Henry IV Challenges Pope Gregory VII
Originally on friendly terms
Rebellious nobles were causing Henry problems
Henry was weak
Henry gained a victory over the nobles
Felt strong: conferred investiture upon 3 bishops
Gregory sent Henry a letter: Read page 110
Excommunicated Henry if he would not repent
How did Henry receive the letter? What had just happened?

44. Henry’s Response Flushed with victory Henry…
Called a council of bishops
Responded with a letter to the pope… continue on page 110
What was this letter implying?

45. The Pope Excommunicates the Emperor
Read Section 4 on page 110

46. The Emperor Pretends Submission
More letters!
Henry tells people of Rome to banish “monk Hildebrand”
Hildebrand tells the Germans to choose another king
Who listened?
What did the Germans decide?
Read page 111 if no one knows…
Henry’s response? Page 111

47. The Emperor Sets out for Italy
The emperor was scheming… about?
Since he was excommunicated his people didn’t have to obey him
In other words…
How could he get it back?
Penance
Give proof of repentance and approved by a clergy
Had to fast and dress a certain way
He escaped from the tower and set out for Italy in the winter
The pope was coming from Italy

48. Cliffhanger!!!!!!!!!!!!
#CanossaCastle

50. See Picture on page 112

51. In the Courtyard Henry waits… Fasted Wore the garb of a penitent
A coarse woolen robe
Bareheaded and barefooted
2 days he waited
The third day the gate opened

54. The Result: Henry prostrates himself before the pope
Asked for forgiveness
The pope granted Henry absolution
Lifts the ban of excommunications

55. The Real Drama of Canossa
What does the expression “to go to Canossa” mean?
Deepest humiliation
What was Gregory’s dilemma?
Why did he make Henry wait?
Why didn’t Gregory have a choice?
How did Henry get his way?
Henry “Stooped to conquer”

56. But wait… The Struggle continues!!!
Confusion…
Germany elected a new king – Rudolph
Gregory and Henry had lost respect
Bishops declared another pope
Germanic civil war
Henry killed Rudolph
Gregory calls the Normans
Normans defeated Henry
Rome is decimated

57. The Concordat of Worms Gregory passed away a broken man
“I have loved righteousness and hated iniquity; therefore I died in exile.”
The Concordat of Worms
Popes would invest the bishops with the symbols of their spiritual office
Emperors would bestow upon them their feudal estates by their scepter

58. Chapter 17
Questions 1-4 Tomorrow 6-9 Friday

59. Chapter 17 – The Church Inspires the Crusades
Page 116 – Read Section 1
Chapter 17 – The Church Inspires the Crusades

60. Notes from Section 1: Arabs lost strength and Turks took over Events:
Schism 1054
Turks threaten Constantinople 1070
Gregory became pope 1073
Gregory wanted to:
Heal the schism
Save the eastern church
Establish rule of the papacy

61. Notes from Section 1 Ctn:
Gregory was the first man to conceive of the word crusade:
Meaning “war of the cross”
Never carried out his plan… why?

62. The Turks are Hostile The church went on pilgrimages
What was a pilgrimage
What did the church think about the Holy Land being controlled by Muslims?
What changed about their pilgrimages to the Holy Land?

63. The First Crusade Pope Urban II
Initiated the crusade through his speech
Read page 119
Cut up red cloths into little strips
A cross was put on each crusader
The Holy Wars began
Originally regained Jerusalem…

64. Results of the Crusades
Later Crusades were a failure
8 crusades of sorts plus a children’s crusade

65. Motives of the crusades
Perverted view of religion
They valued the Holy Land like their relics
What question should they have asked themselves?
Page 122
We should:
Have admiration for their zeal, but not their religious insight
Be responsible for enthusiasm, but also for being right

66. El Fin
Today: Review and go over any questions you have on the assignments Tomorrow: Kahoot! Test Wednesday!