1. Chapter 11 Preview Section 1 The Active River
The Flow of Fresh Water
Preview
Section 1 The Active River
Section 2 Stream and River Deposits
Section 3 Water Underground
Section 4 Using Water Wisely
Concept Mapping

2. Chapter 11
Section 1 The Active River
Bellringer
Discuss whether a river can be said to have a source and describe what a river’s source might look like.

3. Chapter 11
Section 1 The Active River
Objectives
Describe how moving water shapes the surface of the Earth by the process of erosion.
Explain how water moves through the water cycle.
Describe a watershed.
Explain three factors that affect the rate of stream erosion.
Identify four ways that rivers are described.

4. Rivers: Agents of Erosion
Chapter 11
Section 1 The Active River
Rivers: Agents of Erosion
What Is Erosion? Erosion is the process by which soil and sediment are transported from one location to another.
Water and Erosion Water is a major agent of erosion. Rivers often carry eroded materials long distances.

5. The Water Cycle Chapter 11
Section 1 The Active River
The Water Cycle
What Is the Water Cycle? The water cycle is the continuous movement of Earth’s water from the ocean to the atmosphere to the land and back to the ocean.
Powering the Water Cycle The water cycle is driven by energy from the sun.

6. Chapter 11
Section 1 The Active River

7. Water Cycle Chapter 11 Section 1 The Active River
Click below to watch the Visual Concept.
Visual Concept

8. Chapter 11
Section 1 The Active River
River Systems
Tributaries A stream that flows into a lake or into a larger stream is called a tributary.
Watersheds A watershed, or drainage basin, is the area of land that is drained by a water system.

9. Tributary, River System, and Drainage Basin
Chapter 11
Section 1 The Active River
Tributary, River System, and Drainage Basin
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Visual Concept

10. Stream Erosion Chapter 11
Section 1 The Active River
Stream Erosion
Gradient Gradient is the measure of the change in elevation over a certain distance.
Discharge The amount of water that a stream or river carries in a given amount of time is called discharge.
Load The materials carried by a stream are called the stream’s load.

11. Gradient Chapter 11 Section 1 The Active River
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Visual Concept

12. Discharge Chapter 11 Section 1 The Active River
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Visual Concept

13. Types of Load Chapter 11 Section 1 The Active River
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Visual Concept

14. The Stages of a River Chapter 11
Section 1 The Active River
The Stages of a River
Youthful Rivers A youthful river erodes its channel deeper rather than wider.
Mature Rivers A mature river erodes its channel wider rather than deeper.

15. The Stages of a River, continued
Chapter 11
Section 1 The Active River
The Stages of a River, continued
Old Rivers An old river has a low gradient and little erosive energy.
Rejuvenated Rivers Rejuvenated rivers are found where the land is raised by tectonic activity.

16. Chapter 11
Section 2 Stream and River Deposits
Bellringer
Even though flooding along rivers is potentially harmful, many farms are located near rivers. Why do people build farms along rivers?
Record your answers in your science journal.

17. Chapter 11
Section 2 Stream and River Deposits
Objectives
Describe the four different types of stream deposits.
Describe how the deposition of sediment affects the land.

18. Deposition in Water Chapter 11
Section 2 Stream and River Deposits
Deposition in Water
Placer Deposits Heavy minerals are sometimes deposited at places in a river where the current slows down. This kind of sediment is called a placer deposit.
Delta As its current slows, a river often deposits its load in a fan-shaped pattern called a delta.

19. Deposition on Land Chapter 11
Section 2 Stream and River Deposits
Deposition on Land
Floodplains The area along a river that forms from sediment deposited when a river overflows its banks is called a floodplain.
Flooding Dangers Floods can damage property and cause a loss of lives. Dams and levees are often used to prevent flooding.

20. Chapter 11
Section 3 Water Underground
Bellringer
A family lives 50 km from the nearest stream or lake and gets water from a well. Where does the water in the well come from?

21. Chapter 11
Section 3 Water Underground
Objectives
Identify and describe the location of the water table.
Describe an aquifer.
Explain the difference between a spring and a well.
Explain how caves and sinkholes form as a result of erosion and deposition.

22. The Location of Groundwater
Chapter 11
Section 3 Water Underground
The Location of Groundwater
The Water Table The zone of aeration and the zone of saturation meet at a boundary known as the water table.

23. Chapter 11
Section 3 Water Underground

24. Chapter 11
Section 3 Water Underground
Aquifers
Porosity The percentage of open space between individual rocks is called porosity.
Permeability A rock’s ability to let water pass through is called permeability.

25. Permeable and Impermeable Rocks
Chapter 11
Section 3 Water Underground
Permeable and Impermeable Rocks
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Visual Concept

26. Aquifers, continued Chapter 11
Section 3 Water Underground
Aquifers, continued
Aquifer Geology and Geography The best aquifers usually form in permeable materials.
Recharge Zones The ground surface where water enters an aquifer is called the recharge zone.

27. Chapter 11
Section 3 Water Underground

28. Springs and Wells Chapter 11
Section 3 Water Underground
Springs and Wells
Artesian Springs An artesian spring is a spring whose water flows from a crack in the cap rock of an aquifer.
Wells A human-made hole that is deeper than the level of the water table is called a well.

29. Aquifers and Artesian Springs
Chapter 11
Section 3 Water Underground
Aquifers and Artesian Springs
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Visual Concept

30. Chapter 11
Section 3 Water Underground

31. Well Chapter 11 Section 3 Water Underground
Click below to watch the Visual Concept.
Visual Concept

32. Underground Erosion and Deposition
Chapter 11
Section 3 Water Underground
Underground Erosion and Deposition
Cave Formations Although caves are formed by erosion, they also so signs of deposition, such as stalagmites.
Sinkholes The roof of a cave can collapse, which leaves a circular depression called a sinkhole.

33. Chapter 11
Section 4 Using Water Wisely
Bellringer
While hiking, you realize your canteen is almost empty. Why should you not fill the canteen with water from a nearby stream?
Record your response in your science journal.

34. Objectives Chapter 11 Identify two forms of water pollution.
Section 4 Using Water Wisely
Objectives
Identify two forms of water pollution.
Explain how the properties of water influence the health of a water system.
Describe two ways that wastewater can be treated.
Describe how water is used and how water can be conserved in industry, in agriculture, and at home.

35. Water Pollution Chapter 11
Section 4 Using Water Wisely
Water Pollution
What Is Pollution? Pollution is the introduction of harmful substances into the environment.
Point-Source and Nonpoint-Source Pollution Pollution that comes from one specific site is called point-source pollution. Nonpoint-source pollution is pollution that comes from many sources.

36. Point-Source and Nonpoint-Source Pollution
Chapter 11
Section 4 Using Water Wisely
Point-Source and Nonpoint-Source Pollution
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Visual Concept

37. Health of a Water System
Chapter 11
Section 4 Using Water Wisely
Health of a Water System
Dissolved Oxygen Fish and other organisms that live in water need dissolved oxygen in the water to live.
Nitrates Elevated nitrate levels in water can be harmful to organisms because they lower the amount of dissolved oxygen in the water.
Alkalinity Alkalinity refers to water’s ability to neutralize acid. Acid rain can lower water’s alkalinity.

38. Cleaning Polluted Water
Chapter 11
Section 4 Using Water Wisely
Cleaning Polluted Water
Primary Treatment In primary treatment, dirty water is passed through a large screen to catch solid objects.
Secondary Treatment In secondary treatment, the water is sent to an aeration tank, where it is mixed with oxygen and bacteria.
Another Way to Clean Wastewater A septic tank is a large underground tank that cleans wastewater from a household.

39. Sewage Treatment Plant
Chapter 11
Section 4 Using Water Wisely
Sewage Treatment Plant
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Visual Concept

40. Where the Water Goes Chapter 11
Section 4 Using Water Wisely
Where the Water Goes
Water in Industry About 19% of water used in the world is used for industrial purposes.
Water in Agriculture Water must be used in agriculture to facilitate plant growth.
Conserving Water at Home Many people save water by installing low-flow shower heads and low-flush toilets.

41. How Do You Use Water? Chapter 11
Section 4 Using Water Wisely
How Do You Use Water?
The average household in the United States uses about 100 gal of water per day. This circle graph shows some common uses of these 100 gal.

42. Concept Mapping Chapter 11
The Flow of Fresh Water
Concept Mapping
Use the terms below to complete the concept map on the next slide.
zone of aeration
zone of saturation
water table
ground water
surface water
porosity
aquifer

43. Chapter 11
The Flow of Fresh Water

44. Chapter 11
The Flow of Fresh Water