1. The Division of Asia
-Discuss the causes for the European colonization of Asia
- Describe the effects of Imperialsim on India, China and Japan

2. Do Now: What countries had colonies in Asia?
Which Asian countries remained independent?
Who controlled Korea? Why was this unusual?
Do Now:

3. “The Brightest Jewel In the Crown of the British Empire”
India
“The Brightest Jewel
In the Crown
of the British Empire”

4. India Under British Rule
British involvement in India dates back to the 1500s
1600s- English traders banded together and formed the East India Company
It later became one of the richest and most powerful trading companies in the world
The East India Company built trading posts throughout India
During the next hundred years, the British expanded their territory in India through wars and commercial activity

5. Sepoy Rebellion
Sepoys, or Indian soldiers, rebelled against their British commanders
Sepoy resentment had been growing over British attempts to impose Christianity and European customs on them
Rumors that bullet cartridges used by the sepoys were greased with beef or pork fat- angered Hindu and Muslim soldiers
Indian Revolt of 1857 lasted for about a year- uprising failed but it forced the British government to tighten its control of India

6. Tighter Control of India
1858- the British Parliament dissolved the East India Company and sent a viceroy, or governor ruling as a royal representative, to take over the company’s territory
British officials called residents closely supervised local Indian princes- British governors ruled about 2/3 of India
1877- British Prime Minister Benjamin Disraeli had Queen Victoria recognized as “Empress of India”
India was referred to as “The Brightest Jewel in the Crown of the British Empire”

7. Indian Nationalism
The British colonial government discriminated against Indians and forced them to change their ancient ways.
Indian farmers were forced to grow cotton instead of wheat which resulted in food shortages, killing millions of Indians.
The British government tried to ease unrest by spending vast amounts of money on India’s economic development
Opened the Suez Canal
Built railroads and improved transportation
Introduced medical advances

8. Indian National Congress
1885- a group of well-educated, middle class Indians formed a political party called the Indian National Congress (known as the Congress) which led the movement for Indian Independence
At first the Congress just campaigned for reforms such as free education for boy and girls and a greater role for Indians in local government
Early in the 1900s- Indian nationalists were calling for an end rule
They urged Indians to boycott, or stop buying, British goods

9. Mohandas Gandhi “India’s Great Soul” or Mahatma
Best known nationalist leader who was successful in uniting the Hindu people behind the call for Indian independence
The British refused to give in to the demands of Indian nationalists- they knew that Hindus and Muslims were so deeply divided that they would not cooperate against the British
Muslim League- Indian nationalists that were calling for a separate Muslim State

10. China

11. China in Isolation
1500s- Chinese society had been highly advanced, and Chinese at that time showed little interest in acquiring European products
Isolationism- there was only limited trade between China and Europe during the next 300 years
Ethnocentrism- considered themselves the “Middle Kingdom” (center of the earth)
China’s political, military, and economic position weakened under the rule of the Qing dynasty (Manchu Dynasty)

12. Conflict Between China and the West
Early 1800s- British merchants found a way to break China’s trade barriers- in exchange for Chinese tea, silk, and porcelain, merchants smuggled a drug called Opium, which they obtained from India and Turkey, into China
Soon, 12 million Chinese were addicted
1842- Chinese troops tried to stop the smuggling and British troops resisted
Opium War- British used their navy and superior weapons to defeat the Chinese

13. Unequal Treaties
The defeated Chinese were forced to sign unequal treaties
Treaty of Nanjing- China had to pay for the war debt and they had to give control of Hong Kong
Over the next 60 years, Great Britain, France, Germany, Japan, Russia, and the United States all signed unequal treaties with China
In general, these treaties increased foreign power in China and weakened the Qing Dynasty
Extraterritoriality- westerners didn’t have to follow Chinese law, they would follow the laws of the home country

14. The Taiping Rebellion
Peasant uprising in China- leaders demanded reforms such as the redistribution of land to poor peasants, an end to high taxes, and equality for men and women
The fighting lasted 14 years before the government finally defeated the Taiping rebels
Rebellion further weakened the Qing dynasty and created a strong wish for reform within China
During the Taiping Rebellion, European powers forced China to grant them more concessions- open more ports to foreign trade and make the opium trade legal

15. Spheres of Influence
Great Britain, France, Germany, Russia, and Japan claimed large sections of China as spheres of influence- areas where they had exclusive trading rights
The U.S. did not claim a sphere of influence- instead, it tried to open China to the trade of all nations through the Open Door Policy
Europeans reluctantly agreed to this policy

16. The Boxer Rebellion China
Secret Chinese societies were working to rid China of foreign control.
1900- One group called the Boxers seized foreign embassies in Beijing and killed more than 200 foreigners.
An international force crushed the rebellion.
China

17. China under Empress Ci Xi
After the Boxer Rebellion, Ci Xi struggled to hold on to power
She agreed to allow foreign troops to remain in China and gave in to some of her people’s demands for change
Many Chinese believed that a modern republic should replace the Qing Dynasty
In their view, the only way to achieve this goal was through revolution

18. Sun Yat-sen
Sun Yat-sen believed the Qing Dynasty could no longer govern, but he also knew that China was not ready for immediate democracy
He proposed reform in stages
1905- He formed the United League, which later became the Nationalist Party (or Guomindang)
It promoted nationalism, democracy, and the people’s right to pursue their own livelihoods

19. Revolution of 1911
Sun Yat-sen led the United League and attacked troops loyal to the Qing Dynasty (without success)
Empress Ci Xi died in 1908 and 2 year old Prince Pu Yi became the new emperor
Sun went to the U.S. to raise $ but returned when the emperor’s own troops joined the rebellion
Sun Yat-sen became the first president of the new Republic of China in 1911

20. Asia

21. Japan

22. 1. Who was Mutsuhito? 2. What were the goals of the Meiji leaders?
Mutsuhito was the Meiji or “enlightened” emperor
Meiji leaders tried to make Japan a great power
Brought forms of parliamentary government, strengthened the military & worked to transform the nation into an industrial society
Established a system of universal education

23. Did not borrow $ from the West
How did the Japanese succeed in avoiding western influence, while China could not?
Japan industrialized and created a strong military, becoming a power in its own right
Did not borrow $ from the West

24. 3. What led to the Russo- Japanese War? 4. What resulted from this war?
Russian empire had interests in Korea which began to clash with Japan’s
Japanese navy launched a surprise attack on Port Arthur
Japan won and gained control of Korea and other nearby areas
Inspired non-Western nationalist leaders

25. Southeast Asia

26. Describe the Dutch rule of the East Indies.
Farmers grew coffee, pepper, cinnamon, sugar, indigo, and tea
Miners dug for tin & copper
Loggers cut hardwood trees
They used a method of forced labor called the culture system to gather all these raw materials
Discouraged westernization or the spread of European civilization

27. Why did the Filipinos rise against American rule after the Spanish American War?
They had been promised independence if they helped the U.S. fight Spain but the U.S. broke their promise and ruled the Philippines as a colony

28. What is Indochina? Why did Siam become the only independent nation in Southeast Asia?
Indochina was ruled by France and consisted of present-day Vietnam, Cambodia, and Laos
Siam was squeezed between British and French territory
Great Britain and France avoided armed conflict over the area by agreeing to allow Siam to remain independent