1. AOS 2
Outcome 2

2. Study Design
Read AOS 2 extract from the study design and highlight key words.
Focus on what skills do you need to develop

3. Reflect and Connect
Reflect on where we finished AOS 1 to be able to think about what challenges lay ahead of the new Revolutionary Government in Russia.
Think about
Political challenges
Social challenges
Economic challenges
(Brain storm as class and draw the brainstorm in your books)

4. Challenges
Conflict over the direction and shape of a communist society
Withdrawal form First World War
Economic stability
Strong opposition to Lenin and his minority Bolshevik party
Support of Second Congress of Soviets
Constituent Assembly

5. Chapter 12: Consolidating Power – 1st six months
Lenin’s Urgent things-to-do list!
1. Form a new government
2 Dismiss the democratic Constituent Assembly
3. Follow through on promises of ‘Land, Peace & Bread
4. Transform society into communism

6. 1.1 Victory in Moscow
Conflict in Moscow after the news of takeover of Petrograd arrived.
With their takeover of Petrograd, Lenin needed to extend his control to the rest of Russia, starting with Moscow
Moscow was a lot harder to take- with casualties after a week-long battle

7. 1.2 Gain legitimacy from the Congress of Soviets
Unlike the Provisional Government, the Soviets were seen to be legitimate as they had been voted by the people.
Therefore Lenin wanted the legitimate Soviets (Second Congress of Soviets) to approve his new regime so it wouldn’t be seen as mere Bolshevik coup.
He marketed the Oct Revolution as a rising by the entire Petrograd Soviet, in which many parties were represented.
Congress of Soviets officially approved the new regime, providing legitimacy to Lenin’s new government.

8. 1.3 One party rule & new titles
Bolsheviks promoted themselves as leaders of a nationwide movement of workers, soldiers and peasants.
Govt now called‘Govt of People’s Commissars’ with ministers (Bourgeoisie) called Commissars (Proletarian)
Cabinet filled with Bolsheviks only & called Sovnarkom. (Lenin believed only Bolsheviks were capable of leading Russia towards a better future. Lenin declares: ‘There must be no government in Russia other than the Soviet Government.’
This angers other rev. Parties.
Three executive bodies
Politburo = policy making arm of Bolsheviks
Orgburo = organising arm
Secretariat = bureaucrats to implement laws
Theoratically, they were expected to gain authorisation form the Congress of Soviets, but in practice they acted quite independently.

9. 1.4 Cheka: New political secret police
Stands for ‘All Russian Extraordinary Commission to Fight Counter-Revolution, Sabotage and Speculation’
Any enemies of the Bolsheviks, counter-revolutionary agitators, spies etc were rounded up and executed.
Headed by Felix Dzerzhinsky
Started with 15 men to carry out investigations.
Grew to 100,000 men in 1921 with powers to arrest and execute any agents of enemy spies, counter-revolutionary agitators, organisers of revolts against the government.

10. 2. Dismiss Democracy
Lenin allowed the democratic elections for the Constituent Assembly to go ahead for fear of not looking democratic
Results gave the peasant supported SRs 42% of the vote, with worker supported Bolsheviks 23.6% of the vote
The Assembly meet once on 18 January 1918 & closed by Bolshevik troops when Bolshevik power was diluted by the other parties

11. Why did the assembly fail?
Lack of parliamentary tradition and a mouthpiece of the Bolsheviks
Lenin was scared of being undermined
Lenin saw the assembly as unnecessary
The Bolsheviks weren’t able to make the transition from revolutionaries to politicians

12. 3.1 The Promise of Land Organised peasants seized the land they wanted
Bolsheviks simply legitimised this, issuing a decree from the All Russian Congress of Soviets stating private ownership of land was banned, now owned and worked on equally by the people

13. 3.2 The Promise of Bread Same problem, different government!
The food crisis remained, compounded by the poor harvest of 1917 and the economic impact of the Civil War

14. 3.3 Peace: the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk
WW1 had already toppled the Tsar & Prov. Govt. Lenin didn’t want a repeat!
Humiliating and severe demands caused rifts in the Bolshevik Central Committee
Lenin had to demand that the committee accept the treaty or he would quit
Was signed on 3 March Germany lost the war in November, making the treaty void

15. Losses in Treaty of Brest-Litovsk
Germans wanted 1-third of European Russia that included 45 million people & 1 million square km’s
3 Billion in gold
Control of Ukraine’s grain farms
Demobilise the armed forces

16. 4. Transform Society Private ownership to large houses banned
Marriage & divorce equality
Universal Suffrage for men & women
Education became the right of the state
Banks and gold nationalised
Julian calendar adopted on 31 Jan 1918
Free religious choice, church separated from the state and education

17. Activities Analysis Activity 1 pg. 125 Focus Questions 1-4 pg. 129
Do an essay plan for 1 of the 2 essay questions on page 131. Then write a full paragraph or two of your essay. Remember your last SAC is an essay. Remember TEEL

18. Caption: ‘The Proletariate of all the countries’
Aspit’s ‘The Year of Proletarian Dictatorship’(1918)
First anniversary of Bolshevik Rev Oct 1917-Oct 1918

19. Symbolic
Literal
A sun is rising which depicts a new day
The new day represents the beginning ofa new age, and implies hope for the future.
The cheering crowds imply that all workers and peasants support the soviet government.
Crowds of workers and peasants wave red flags, illustrating a celebration of the first anniversary of the revolution

20. The two armed men show that they are protecting the revolution, and the worker carries a hammer, the peasant carries a scythe.
Red flags and red sashes symbolise the international red flag of the workers
The baby being held up to the peasant is, like the sun, a symbol of hope for the future- a baby born who will not know the oppression
Crown
Double headed eagle of the tsars
Chains of oppression lie broken

21. The Worker
The Peasant
Both standing on the ruins of the past, of the old tsarist regime, and the symbolic chains of servitude and oppression. On this side of the arch it is grey and dark. Through the arch is the future, it is bright, sunny and colorful. It shows a prosperous future for all Russian’s people, industrial worker or peasant.