1. Thermal studies of ink solvent and toner behaviour on paper in various printing methods
Timo Hartus

2.   
Thermal studies of ink solvent and toner behaviour on paper in various printing methods
LIST OF PUBLICATIONS
Hartus, T., Adhesion of electrophotographic toner on paper. Graphic Arts in Finland (GAiF) 30(2001)3, pp
Hartus, T., Effect of toner fixing temperature in the electrophotographic process. TAGA Journal 4(2008)3, pp
Hartus, T., Effect of drying temperature profile and paper on mechanical print quality in heatset offset printing. TAGA Journal 4(2008)4, pp
Hartus, T., Gane, P.A.C., Analysis of the shortness of offset ink as a function of tack-on-paper by comparing elastic and Hencky strain extension. Tappi Journal 10(2011)8, pp. 9-15
Hartus, T., Gane, P.A.C., Relating ink solvent-coating component thermal properties to smearing and development of abrasion resistance in ink jet printing. Nordic Pulp and Paper Research Journal (NPPRJ) 27(2012)1, pp
Hartus, T., Gane, P.A.C., Relating thermal properties to potential interactions between compounds in application and recycling, exemplified by model ink-coating component mixtures. Industrial Engineering Chemistry & Research (IEC&R) 56(2017)1, pp.20-36
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3. 1. Electrophotography Thermal analysis (TgA, DSC)
”Prints” (Toner application and fusing)
Adhesion tests (modified tape test, Adhesion force measurement (Printack application)
Viscosity of toner at elevated temperature
Surface energy of toner at elevated temperature
Rubbing tests
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4. Electrophography toners and Papers
Table 2. Formulation and property facts of the toners. Based on Paper 2
Electrophography toners and Papers
Paper 1: Toner A (black) and 80 gm-2 uncoated wood-free copy paper
Paper 2:
Particulate size
/ µm (on average)
Lubricational wax
/ %
Glass transition temperature
/ °C
Specific melt energy
/ Jg-1
Surface energy (at 150 °C), m/m-2
Toner A
8.5
(platy) 5
65.6
14.0
19.5
Toner B
7.0 (spherical) 15
66.6
19.8
17.7
Studied papers were: 80 gm-2 uncoated wood-free copy paper (1), 130 gm-2 coated art paper (2) and 200 gm-2 glossy coated art paper for digital printing (3)
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7. Adhesion force measurement (Printack application)
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8. 2 Offset
Heatset
Laboratory printing and drying, different papers and drying profiles
Mechanical and optical quality of the prints
Density, gloss, roughness, surface evenness and print pick strength by Printack-meter
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9. Heatset offset Sample Type Coated Uncoated Basis weight / gm-2 1
Mechanical
Newsprint 45 2
Heatset news 3
LWC 4
Supercalendered (SC) 56 5 75 6
Woodfree
Copy paper (WFC) 80
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10. Optical measurements
Print evenness and
Rubbing tests
Ink setting
Hot air oven
Printing
Drying
Tests and Measurements

11. 2 Offset Sheet fed offset
Ink setting tests, ink-on-paper, with two different equipment (ISIT and Printack)
4 different sheed fed inks, paper: Lumiart 130 gm-2
Ink tack measurements
Ink viscosity
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12.
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13. 2 Offset Model compound mixtures
Model compound mixtures (ink compounds, paper coating colour compounds) for thermal analysis (2-, 3- and 4-compound mixtures)
Evaporation of volatile material and specific evaporation energy
Energy release from the mixtures
Mass and energetic ratios from TgA and DSC results
Non-volatile residuum after thermal treatment
FTIR analysis of non-volatile residuum (a part of samples)
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14. Offset, Model compounds
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15. Model materials
Mixing
FTIR
identification
Thermal analysis
TgA and DSC
Selected
residuum
Mixtures
Data

16. Evaporated amount / specific evaporation energy, 2-compound mixtures
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17. Energy releasing reactions, 2-compound mixtures
Energy releasing reactions were observed in the following single compound data: rapeseed oil, linseed oil, alkyd resin, phenolic resin, SB and acrylate latex
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18. Non-volatile residuum in 2-compound mixtures
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19. Non-volatile residuum in 4-compound mixtures
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20. 3 Inkjet Thermal analysis of model compound mixtures
Water based mixtures (model solvents, commercial inks) and paper coating colour compounds (2- and 3-compound mixtures)
Printing tests: drying time, smearing, optical print quality
Mass and energetic ratios from TgA and DSC results
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21. Paper coating colour compounds
Inks
Paper coating colour compounds
Series
Group 1
Group 2
Group 3
Ink A
(Epson)
Gypsum
PVac
TMP
Ink B
(HP)
Kaolin
Starch
Chemical pulp
Ink C
(Canon)
Talc SB
Deinked pulp
CaCO3
Acrylate
Solvent
Molecular Weight /g mol-1
Boiling point / °C
Water (distilled) 18
100
1,5-Pentanediol
C5H12O2
104.15
Triethylene glycol monobutylether (TEG)
C10H22O4
206.29
265- (decomposes)
Diethyleneglycol (DEG)
C4H10O3
106.12
HP black inks (21 and 51540A) have carbon black pigment. HP colour inks, Epson and Canon inks have soluble dye as colorants. HP black inks (21 and 51540A) have high water proportion, % and about % organic co-solvents. HP colour inks (22) include up to 80 % water and % co-solvent, but HP colour inks (51650) include about 60 % diethylene glycol and about 30 % water. Epson black inks (T036 and S020034) have % water and about 10 % co-solvent (diethylene glycol). Epson colour inks (T37 and S ) have about % water and % co-solvent (diethylene glycol). Canon black inks (PG-40 and BCI24) consist mostly of water (about 80 %) and less than 10 % co-solvent (diethylene glycol). Canon colour inks have some less water, % and co-solvents % (diethylene glycol, isopropyl alcohol and glyserin).
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22. Energetic retention of
Solvent 1 (water)
E1/E2
Quantitative retention of
Solvent 1 (water)
Quantitative retention of
Solvent 2
Energetic retention of
Solvent 2
m1/m2

23.
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25.
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