1. Modern English Lexicology
Fall, 2014

2. Specialized knowledge
What is knowledge?
Is it useful?
Concepts, generalizations and rules
Theories: Hypothesis, predictions …systematic organization of…ratiocinate …
definite answers and controversies

3. Outline Brief introduction to lexicology Syllabus of the course
Assessment and Evaluation
Group Tasks

4. About the Course Definition of lexicology Significance of the course
General goals for lexicology
Five branches of lexicology
Lexicology and other branches of linguistics

5. What is lexicology?

6. lexicology lexikon + logie word or phrase Learning / study of
A branch of linguistics dealing with the vocabulary of a given language

7. Lexicology
A branch of linguistics concerned with the study of the vocabulary of a given language.
It deals with words, their origin, development, history, structure, meaning and application.

8. Emphasis
Both English and Chinese are expected in your examples (e.g., Comparative study in motivation of words in both English and Chinese).
English Lexicology Lexicology of any languages

9. Significance of the Course
To provide a foundation for linguistic research

10. Theoretical Significance
To hold the linguistic vision on words and vocabulary, i.e., the rules and theories summarized from language data
To give learners a deeper understanding of word meaning thereby enabling them to organize, classify and store words more efficiently in the academic perspective
To increase learners’ word power; raises their awareness of meaning and usages, and enable them to use words more accurately and appropriately
To enhance learners’ receptive and productive skills in language processing as well as language production

11. Specific goals for lexicology
Purposes
Specific goals for lexicology
To provide a systematic description of English vocabulary;
To deal with the meaning of words, word formation, the types of word structure and the use of English words;
To offer students insights into the origin and development of English vocabulary

12. Organization Word formation Word meaning: Motivation
Change in word meaning
Categorization: semantic features and sense relation, association and collocation
Origin and development
Word meaning in context: cohesion and coherence, English Idioms, word and Politics,Euphemism

13. Five Branches of Lexicology
Semantics: the meanings of words and sense relations
Etymology: the origins and history of individual words and their development
Phraseology(成语学）: set expressions and idioms
Historical lexicology: studies from the historical point of view the development of vocabulary
Lexicography: writing and making of dictionaries

14. Lexicology & Other Branches of Linguistics
General Linguistics
Phonetics
Syntax (grammar)
Semantics
Pragmatics & Stylistics …

15. Lexicology & linguistics semantics syntax& grammar Lexicology
Meanings of words
and sentences
How words are arranged to
form a sentence.
syntax&
grammar
Lexicology
phonetics
Language sound
systems
stylistics&
pragmatics
Social rules in language use

16. With Semantics Word meaning and sense relations
polysemy: well, spring, drill, saw
homonymy: sea-see
synonymy: nice/fine, like/adore, draw/paint
antonomy: thin/fat, good/bad, beautiful/ugly
hyponmy: flower tulip, rose, jasmine
semantic field:

17. Semantic filed
A set of words (or lexemes) related in meaning. Linguist Adrienne Lehrer has defined semantic field more specifically as "a set of lexemes which cover a certain conceptual domain and which bear certain specifiable relations to one another" (1985).
"The words in a semantic field share a common semantic property. Most often, fields are defined by subject matter, such as body parts, landforms, diseases, colors, foods, or kinship relations
Words in each semantic field defines one another.

18. Semantic features e.g., superman [+/-animate] [+/-human], [+/-animal]
[+/- female], [+/-male]
[+/-young],[+/-old] …

19. pretty flower handsome vessel garden overcoat colour airliner
girl boy
boy man
woman car
pretty flower handsome vessel
garden overcoat
colour airliner
village typewriter

20. [+delicacy, +superficial, -manliness, -big, -dignity] handsome
pretty
[+delicacy, +superficial, -manliness,
-big, -dignity]
handsome
[+vigor, +dignity, +big, +manliness]

21. With Syntax
Morphology: vocabulary and grammar are organically related to one another. The former functions as the input of the computational system of a sentence.
Grammar , for example, tells us how to form words into sentences, i.e., word order the collocation of words and syntactic distribution of a word.

22. With Phonetics
Phonetics is the study of speech sounds. Without sound, there is no word because every word is a unity of sound and meaning.

23. Phones语音&Phoneme音位/音素
[l] /l/ [p] /p/
[l] [ph]

24. 超音位特征对语义搭配的影响在英语中是司空见惯的。例如：
He is a French teacher.
孤立地来看French teacher，我们很难判别French在与teacher搭配时是什么意思。

25. A ˊFrench ,teacher teaches French.
A ,French ˊteacher is French.

26. Aˋtoy /factory produces toys.
A /toy ˋfactory is a model of a factory used as a toy.

27. my ˊold ,friend (old: long known or long familiar) 不可以转换成 :
*My friend is old.
my ˊnew ,friend 不可以转换成 :
*My friend is new.
a ˊpure ,scientist 不可以转换成 :
* The scientist is pure.
theˊwrong ,applicant 不可以转换成:
*The applicant is wrong.

28. 超切分特征传达了说话人的态度，即使是一个词，当被赋予不同的语调时，也会折射出说话人不同的态度：
ˋNo ( a matter-of-fact statement)
ˊNo (questioning)
ˇNo(doubtful but encouraging )
ˆNo (indignant; emphatic prohibition
and scolding)

29. With stylistics and pragmatics
Stylistics is the study of optional variations in the sounds, forms, or vocabulary of a language as characteristic of different uses of language, different situations of use, or different literary types.

30. Anglo-Saxon Norman /French Latin/ Greek
ask question interrogate
thin spare emaciated
folk people nation
fair beautiful attractive
hearty cordial cardiac

31. In the fields of science:
General Specialist
hole orifice/cavity
speed velocity
force intensity

32. In medicine:
General Specialist
bleeding haemorrhage
wound laceration
skull cranium
sweat perspiration

33. 1) Let's dine on fried chicken.
2) Hey, baby, wanna dine tonight?
3) Me and Bob are dinin' out.
4) Wouldja dine with me tonight?
5) Would you dine with me tonight ?
6) Mrs Whitmore wishes you to dine with her.

34. 1) Let's dine on fried chicken.
2) Hey, baby, wanna dine tonight?
3) Me and Bob are dinin' out.
4) Wouldja dine with me tonight?
The first four sentences violates co-occurrence restrictions.

35. 1) Let's dine on fried chicken. 2) Hey, baby, wanna dine tonight?
Food eaten with the fingers is not an appropriate object of dine. "Hey, baby," implies that the speaker is a young male trying to put forth a macho image. Since, in our society, being macho is not associated with refinement, such speech forms clash with the formal dine.

36. 3) Me and Bob are dinin' out. 4) Wouldja dine with me tonight?
In 3, the grammatical variant "me and Bob" is a marker of nonstandard speech. People who use "me and Bob" are not likely to speak of dining no matter how well they eat. The pronunciation dinin' is humorous because the -in' replacement for -ing is reserved for informal speech, but dine is formal. Similarly, wouldja is a more casual pronunciation than would you.

37. 5) Would you dine with me tonight ?
6) Mrs Whitmore wishes you to dine with her.
The last two sentences are entirely formal, hence appropriate for dine, although they too could be used facetiously by, say, a person adopting the formal tone for comic effect.

38. Lexicology & linguistics semantics syntax& grammar Lexicology
Meanings of words
are the units of semantic study
How words are arranged to
form a sentence.
syntax&
grammar
Lexicology
phonetics
Words are unit
of sound meaning
stylistics&
pragmatics
Social rules in language use

39. Syllabus of the Course Textbook and Materials Course schedule
Requirements on participants
Assessment

40. Textbook 《现代英语词汇学》．陆国强．上海外语教育出版社，2000年3月．
Supplementary Reading Materials

41. 2018/7/20

42. II. 两本词汇学巨著的启示意义
第一本
Lexicology -- An International Handbook on the Nature and Structure of Words and Vocabularies
by D. Alan Cruse (Editor)
Publisher: Mouton de Gruyter; Bilingual edition (2005)
The impression one initially has of lexicology is rather diffuse. As a discipline, it suffers from the fate of either not being noticed at all - on account of sub-disciplines, such as lexicography, morphology and lexical semantics, which are already well established in their own right - or of being itself broken down into semi-independent sub-disciplines such as phraseology and mental lexicon. It is against this background that the handbook identifies and deals with the following aims for academic progression and practical/theoretical research: - the establishment and maintenance of an independent profile for the discipline of lexicology - the collection and documentation of up-to-date knowledge in the field of lexicology - the documentation of research still out-standing and the provision of guidelines on concrete fields of study. The handbook starts off with the two main sections 'word' and 'vocabulary'. The sense relations act as the threads which bind these two sections together, because their ability to link words in pairs allows us to make successive inroads into the vocabulary. Moving from the term 'word' to the term 'lexical element' forces us into a more detailed investigation of phraseology. Detailed treatments of each of the ways of looking at 'vocabulary' are provided, in view of the ambiguity of the term 'vocabulary' (vocabulary in its relation to a natural language vs. vocabulary in its relation to an individual [mental lexicon] vs. vocabulary in its relation to grammar [lexicon]). Similarly, synchronic and diachronic points of view are taken into account, in order to be able to arrive at an adequate description of the underlying dynamics of the vocabulary of natural languages. In conclusion the present state of lexicology made it necessary to deal thoroughly with questions about the discipline, its methodology and its links with related disciplines.
2018/7/20

43. Lexicology -- Critical Concepts in Linguistics
第二本
P. Hanks, ed.
Lexicology -- Critical Concepts in Linguistics
6 vols.
Publisher: Routledge (2008)
Volume 1: Philosophy and Word Meaning Part 1: Foundations Part 2: Beyond Necessary Conditions Part 3: Variability and Vagueness Volume 2: Lexical Semantics and Structures Part 4: Semantic Field Theory Part 5: Structuralist Semantics Part 6: Componential Analysis of Kinship Part 7: The Lexicon in Early Generative Grammar: Markerese Part 8: The Lexicon in Modern Generative Theory Volume 3: Core Meaning, Extended Meaning Part 9: Primes and Universals Part 10: Polysemy Part 11: Cross-Linguistic Comparative Lexicology Volume 4: Syntagmatics Part 12: Syntagmatics: The Firthian Tradition Part 13: Lexicon Grammar Part 14: Frame Semantics Part 15: Preferences, Meaning, and Context Volume 5: Cognition and the Lexicon Part 16: Child Language Acquisition Part 17: Prototypes and Stereotypes Part 18: The Mental Lexicon Volume 6: Formal Approaches to the Lexicon Part 19: Meaning: Text Theory Part 20: Statistics of Word Association Part 21: Lexical Resources for Computational Language Processing Part 22: Computational Representation of the Lexicon
2018/7/20

44. 奥格登(C. K. Ogden)和理查兹(I. A. Richards)等人于1923 年出版了成为语义学经典著作之一的《意义的意义》(The Meaning of Meaning)一书。奥格登等人在此书中区分了mean / meaning（有意义/意义）的16 种不同的意义。

45. “Mean”/”Meaning”有几种解释？
John means to write.（约翰想写。）—— “intends”（意图）
A green light means go.（绿灯行。）—— “indicates”（表述）
Health means everything.（健康第一。）—— “has importance”（重要性）
His looks was full of meaning.（他的目光中含义深沉。）—— “special importance”（特别强调）
What is the meaning of life?（生活的意义是什么？）—— “point, purpose”（观点、意图）
What does “capitalist” mean to you?（你认为“资本家”指什么？）——“convey”（传递）
What does “cornes” mean?（“眼角膜”是什么意思？） —— “referring to in the real world”（现实所指）
2018/7/20

46. Assessment & Evaluation
Daily performances: 40%
Final Exam 60% ( 10% from your essay)

47. Requirements on Participants
Regular attendance (systematic knowledge)
Group Presentation and Essay 20%
Active involvement in class-room activities: asking questions 10% (2 questions)
Completion of homework 10%

48. Group Presentation
Provide examples to support or argue against the discoveries and generalization we have discussed (to the point)
The examples that come from both English and Chinese are expected.
Durance: about 30 mins
Date of presentation is scheduled in advance and should not be changed without good reasons.

49. Group Presentation
Essays(1000 words) based on your presentation
(the final question)

50. Criteria of evaluation
Accuracy
Theoretical value
Clarity
Variety of examples

51. 1. Word Formation I: compound, derivation (roots, affixes), conversion
2. Word Formation II: blending, clipping, acronym, backformation, other sources
3. types of word meanings, motivation of words and loss of motivation: arbitrariness (English & Chinese)
4. Chang in word meaning: Types of semantic change: Generalization/Extension; Specialization/Restriction; Elevation/Amelioration; Degradation/Degeneration, Causes of changes (English & Chinese)
5. Componential analysis and Semantic features
6.Sense relation: Synonymy,Antonymy,Polysemy,Homonymy,Hyponymy (English & Chinese)
7. Association and Collocation
8. English Idioms
9. Origin and Development of English words
10. Euphemism, word and politics, word and gender (English & Chinese)