2. California and the Civil War
15,725 Union soldiers from California
2 regiments of cavalry
8 regiments infantry
1 batallion veteran infantry
First Battalion of Mountaineers

3. 1st Regiment of Cavalry (CA Column)
First organized to protect the overland mail route in NV, UT, WY
Advanced into NM and TX
Confederate Troops arrived in NM
Union troops were worried about a Confederate invasion of CA

4. Don Andres Pio Pico
Brigadier General of the First Brigade of California Militia

5. 1864: Last Year Strategy of Lt. Gen. Ulysses S. Grant
Mobilize every man
Use overwhelmingly superiority in manpower
Pressure on all fronts to stretch the Confederacy
Enable Maj. General Wm. Tecumseh Sherman to break up 2 commands of Army of Tennessee
Break Confederate infrastructure:
Railroads
Factories
Agriculture
Labor Supply

6. Grant’s strategy stalled
Grant locked into a siege at Petersburg
Confederates stalemated Sherman’s forces outside Atlanta
Union lost 60,000 - first month of Grant’s campaign
But Lincoln stuck with Grant’s strategy

7. Breakthrough Sherman broke up the Army of Tennessee and seized Atlanta
1864: Lincoln was able to keep:
Army of the Potomac
Sherman’s Army of the West
100,000 blacks in the Union Army and thousands more in the Federal navy

8. Critical contributions of blacks to defeat the Confederacy
Late spring and summer of 1864
“Their absence would have foiled Grant’s strategy…their presence enabled Grant to embark on a course that promised the greatest hope of Federal victory.”
180,000 blacks served - Union uniform with muskets
1 in every 10 or 12 in the U.S. Navy was black (303)
Blacks alone did not win the war, but timely and extensive support contributed significantly
Robert Smalls stole a vessel and piloted it out of Charleston harbor to safety.

9. What did African Americans do for the northern war effort?
Grew cotton
Grew foodstuffs
Aided in construction
Aided in logistical endeavors

10. How did African Americans sabotage the southern war effort?
Work sabotage
General unruliness
Assistance to federal troops who escaped from Confederate prison camps
Lost labor in the south that depended on slaves for food production and other essentials
Shortages
Hardships
Disillusionment among soldiers and civilians alike

11. Abraham Lincoln
“We can not spare the hundred and forty or fifty thousand now serving as soldiers, seamen, and laborers…Keep it and you can save the Union. Throw it away, and the Union goes with it.”

12. “Free and slave, they tipped the delicate balance of power squarely in favor of the North.” (299)
President Jefferson Davis was against allowing blacks into the Confederate side because it would “destroy our whole theory that they are unfit to be free.” (299)

13. 1862 Confiscation Acts
First Confiscation Acts: Federal troops cannot be used to retrieve runaway slaves
Second Confiscation Act: Freed all escaped slaves of Rebel masters upon entering Union lines
Estimates of escaped slaves to Union lines:
,000

14. The haunting question remained:
Why were there so many runaways if, “no where were they better cared for, or better managed & treated, according to their condition of slavery?” (301)
Many southerners “steeped in the delusion of the contented slave…[runaways] challenged their core beliefs”
The Confederacy simply could not afford the loss of hundreds of thousands of black producers.

15. Other problems… Overused, inadequately maintained railroads (302)
Confederate troops deserted ranks to look after the welfare of loved ones at home

16. Frederick Douglass Chided the Lincoln Administration:
“no time to fight with one hand when both are needed”
No time to fight only with your white hand, and allow your black hand to remain tied.” (303)