1. Technological Principles of Medical Instrumentation
October 6 University
Technological Principles
of Medical Instrumentation

2. Fundamentals of Medical Instrumentation
CHAPTER 1
Fundamentals of Medical Instrumentation
Lecture 2
Introduction
1.1
Medical Instrumentation System
1.2
Medical Instrumentation Operational Modes
1.3
Direct / Indirect
1.3.1
Invasive / Noninvasive
1.3.2
Contact / Remote
1.3.3
Sense / Actuate
1.3.4
Real-time / Static
1.3.5
Sampling and Continuous Modes
1.3.6
Analog and Digital Modes
1.3.7
Generating and Modulating Sensors
1.3.8
Author : Dr. Eng. Hani Kasban A. Mahmoud / 2017

3. CHAPTER 1 Fundamentals of Medical Instrumentation
Medical Instrumentation System
Author : Dr. Eng. Hani Kasban A. Mahmoud / 2017

4. CHAPTER 1 Fundamentals of Medical Instrumentation
Medical Instrumentation System
1- Measuring Quantity: Means the physical quantity, property or condition that the system measures.
It may be:
Internal (blood pressure),
Body surface (electrocardiogram potential),
Emanate from the body (infrared radiation),
Tissue sample (such as blood or a biopsy) that is removed from the body.
Author : Dr. Eng. Hani Kasban A. Mahmoud / 2017

5. Medical Instrumentation System
CHAPTER Fundamentals of Medical Instrumentation
Medical Instrumentation System
1- Measuring Quantity
Comparison between some of biomedical measuring quantities
Parameter
Range
Frequency
Sensor
Blood flow
1-300 ml/s
dc – 20 Hz
Flowmeter (ultrasonic)
Blood pressure
25-400mm Hg
dc – 50 Hz
Cuff, strain-gage
ECG
0.5 – 4 mV
0.01 – 250 Hz
Skin electrodes
EEG
5 – 300 microV
dc – 150 Hz
Scalp electrodes
EMG
0.1 – 5 mV
dc – 10,000 Hz
Needle electrodes
Respiratory rate
2 – 50 breaths/min
0.1 – 10 Hz
Strain-gage, nasal thermistor
Author : Dr. Eng. Hani Kasban A. Mahmoud / 2017

6. CHAPTER 1 Fundamentals of Medical Instrumentation
Medical Instrumentation System
2- Biosensor:
The sensor converts physical measuring quantity to an electrical output.
The sensor should be:
respond to a specific form of energy in the measuring quantity
not affect the response of the living tissue.
Author : Dr. Eng. Hani Kasban A. Mahmoud / 2017

7. CHAPTER 1 Fundamentals of Medical Instrumentation
Medical Instrumentation System
3- Signal Conditioning: Means the amplification and filtering of the signal acquired from the sensor to make it suitable for display.
Examples
Time/frequency/spatial domain processing (filtering)
Calibration (adjustment of output to match parameter measured)
Compensation (remove of undesirable secondary sensitivities)
Author : Dr. Eng. Hani Kasban A. Mahmoud / 2017

8. CHAPTER 1 Fundamentals of Medical Instrumentation
Medical Instrumentation System
4- Signal Processing:
Means
Using
mathematical, statistical, computational, representations, formalisms, and techniques
For
representation, modelling, analysis,, discovery, recovery, sensing, acquisition, extraction, learning, security, or forensics
Author : Dr. Eng. Hani Kasban A. Mahmoud / 2017

9. CHAPTER 1 Fundamentals of Medical Instrumentation
Medical Instrumentation System
5- Output Display Storage Transmission:
The results of the measurement process must be displayed in a form that the human operator can perceive.
Author : Dr. Eng. Hani Kasban A. Mahmoud / 2017

10. CHAPTER 1 Fundamentals of Medical Instrumentation
Medical Instrumentation Operational Modes
Direct / Indirect
Invasive / Noninvasive
Contact / Remote
Sense / Actuate
Real-time / Static
Sampling and Continuous
Analog and Digital
Generating and Modulating
Author : Dr. Eng. Hani Kasban A. Mahmoud / 2017

11. CHAPTER 1 Fundamentals of Medical Instrumentation
Medical Instrumentation Operational Modes
Direct / Indirect
Direct/
Indirect
The sensing system measure a physiologic parameter directly.
Example:
The average volume blood flow
The sensing system measure a quantity that is accessible and related to the desired measurand Example
Cardiac output (volume of blood pumped per minute by the heart)
Author : Dr. Eng. Hani Kasban A. Mahmoud / 2017

12. CHAPTER 1 Fundamentals of Medical Instrumentation
Medical Instrumentation Operational Modes
2. Invasive / Noninvasive
Invasive
Noninvasive
An invasive procedures is defined as a medical procedure which breaks the skin in some way.
Non-invasive procedure is defined as any medical procedure which does not break the skin.
diagnosis
major surgery
Author : Dr. Eng. Hani Kasban A. Mahmoud / 2017

13. CHAPTER 1 Fundamentals of Medical Instrumentation
Medical Instrumentation Operational Modes
3. Contact / Remote
Author : Dr. Eng. Hani Kasban A. Mahmoud / 2017

14. CHAPTER 1 Fundamentals of Medical Instrumentation
Medical Instrumentation Operational Modes
4. Sense / Actuate
Author : Dr. Eng. Hani Kasban A. Mahmoud / 2017

15. 5. Real-time / Delayed-time mode
CHAPTER Fundamentals of Medical Instrumentation
Medical Instrumentation Operational Modes
5. Real-time / Delayed-time mode
Author : Dr. Eng. Hani Kasban A. Mahmoud / 2017

16. CHAPTER 1 Fundamentals of Medical Instrumentation
Medical Instrumentation Operational Modes
6. Sampling and Continuous
Author : Dr. Eng. Hani Kasban A. Mahmoud / 2017

17. CHAPTER 1 Fundamentals of Medical Instrumentation
Medical Instrumentation Operational Modes
7. Analog and Digital
Author : Dr. Eng. Hani Kasban A. Mahmoud / 2017

18. CHAPTER 1 Fundamentals of Medical Instrumentation
Medical Instrumentation Operational Modes
8. Generating and Modulating
Generating
Modulating
Self-powered mode
derive their operational energy from the measurand itself Example: piezoelectric sensors, solar cells
Measurand modulates the electrical signal which is supplied externally•
modulation affects output of the sensor
Example: IR sensor
• Generating: also known as •
Author : Dr. Eng. Hani Kasban A. Mahmoud / 2017

19. By Compensation Techniques
CHAPTER Fundamentals of Medical Instrumentation
Medical Instrumentation Measurement Constraints
How to overcome the
Medical Instrumentation Measurement Constraints By
Compensation Techniques
Author : Dr. Eng. Hani Kasban A. Mahmoud / 2017

20. Many thanks
Questions?????