1. Absolutism and Revolution (1550–1850)
Lesson 7 A Radical Phase

2. Absolutism and Revolution (1550–1850) Lesson 7 A Radical Phase
Learning Objectives
Explain why the French Revolution entered a more radical phase.
Understand how radicals abolished the French monarchy.
Analyze the causes and course of the Reign of Terror.
Describe France under the Directory.
Identify how the French Revolution changed life in France.

3. Absolutism and Revolution (1550–1850) Lesson 7 A Radical Phase
Key Terms
émigrés
sans-culottes
Jacobins
Suffrage
Maximilien Robespierre
Reign of Terror
guillotine
Napoleon Bonaparte
Nationalism
Marseilles

4. Radicals Gain Strength
The outbreak of the French Revolution stirred debate all over Europe and the United States. Supporters of the Enlightenment, such as Thomas Jefferson, saw the French experiment as the dawn of a new age for justice and equality. European rulers and nobles, however, denounced the French Revolution.

5. Radicals Gain Strength
Fear of the “French Plague”
Other Monarchs horrified
Emigres- nobles and clergy who fled
Threats from Abroad
King of Prussia and emperor of Austria- Declaration of Pilinitz-
Revolutionaries prepared for war
Radicals Seek Power
New Legislature lasted less than a year
Sans Culottes- supported more radical changes
Wanted to end monarchy
Jacobins- another radical group
War Breaks Out
France declared war Austria, Prussia, Britain, and other states

6. Radicals Gain Strength
Europe's monarchs feared the ideas coming from the French Revolution. Analyze Political Cartoons What do the rats symbolize in this cartoon? Why are the monarchs running away?

7. Radicals Gain Strength
The sans-culottes were working-class men and women who became the heart of radical France. The men wore long pants instead of the knee breeches that upper-class men wore.

8. Radicals Gain Strength
Europe in the 1790s was dominated by monarchies. Analyze Maps Why do you suppose France’s neighbors were afraid of the French Revolution?

9. The Monarchy Is Abolished
In 1793, the Revolution entered a radical phase. For a year, France experienced one of the bloodiest regimes in its long history as determined leaders sought to extend and preserve the Revolution.

10. The Monarchy Is Abolished
New Outbreaks of Violence
1793- Radical phase
War abroad going horribly
1,000 of clergy and nobles killed
The National Convention
Extended suffrage to all males
Abolished monarchy
Abolished nobility
Execution of a King and Queen
Louis and Marie Antoinette executed in 1793

11. The Monarchy Is Abolished
The September massacres lasted six days and resulted in more than 1,368 deaths.

12. The Monarchy Is Abolished
Marie Antoinette’s lavish lifestyle and disregard for the masses contributed to her unpopularity and later execution.

13. The Reign of Terror
By early 1793, danger threatened France on all sides. The country was at war with much of Europe, including Britain, the Netherlands, Spain, and Prussia. In the Vendée (vahn DAY) region of France, royalists and priests led peasants in rebellion against the government.
In Paris, the sans-culottes demanded relief from food shortages and inflation. The Convention itself was bitterly divided between Jacobins and a rival group, the Girondins.

14. The Reign of Terror
Committee of Public Safety
12 member committee with almost absolute power
Helped gain support for the war
Robespierre, the Incorruptible
Leader of the committee
“Death to the Traitors”
Reign of Terror- 300,000 arrested
17,000 executed
Guillotine
Eventually Robespierre executed

15. The Reign of Terror
The people of France feared the Committee of Public Safety because it was so powerful and ruthless.

16. The Reign of Terror
Robespierre was the driving force behind the Reign of Terror.

17. The Reign of Terror
Thousands of citizens were beheaded by the guillotine.

18. The Reign of Terror
Robespierre was beheaded on July 28, 1794, a victim of the Terror he helped create.

19. Reaction and the Directory
In reaction to the Terror, the Revolution entered a third stage. Middle class and professional people dominated this stage of the Revolution.
Third Stage- more moderate- new constitution- 1797
5 man directory established
Napoleon Bonaparte- popular military hero- planned to use him to solidify their power

20. Reaction and the Directory
The French Revolution began with the burning of the Bastille in 1789 and continued through the Reign of Terror. After the Terror, it moved into a third phase in which the government was headed by a five-man Directory.

21. Reaction and the Directory
Brash and young, military hero Napoleon Bonaparte would eventually become ruler of France.

22. The Revolution Transforms France
By 1799, the 10-year-old French Revolution had dramatically changed France. It had dislodged the old social order, overthrown the monarchy, and brought the Church under state control.
New symbols such as the red “liberty caps” and the tricolor confirmed the liberty and equality of all male citizens. The new title “citizen” applied to people of all social classes. Elaborate fashions and powdered wigs gave way to the practical clothes and simple haircuts of the sans-culottes.

23. The Revolution Transforms France
Nationalism Spreads
Pride in France
Marseilles- port city- song became nation anthem
Social Reform
Abolished slavery
Religion and the Revolution
State supported catholic church
Comparison with the American Revolution
Lots of similarities
Big difference
US became a republic, France did not

24. The Revolution Transforms France
Analyze Charts The French Revolution changed the country’s political and social landscape. How did the Revolution change the social order?

25. The Revolution Transforms France
"La Marseillaise" is the national anthem of France.

26. The Revolution Transforms France
During the radical phase of the French Revolution, many Christian churches were renamed Temples of Reason. Religious symbols were covered. On some churches, the revolutionary motto “Liberté, egalité, fraternité” was inscribed on the stone facade.

27. Quiz: Radicals Gain Strength
Who were the Jacobins?
A. members of the clergy who sought to restore the power of the Catholic Church
B. aristocrats who fled France as the Revolution became more radical
C. radical members of the Legislative Assembly who supported republican principles
D. working-class men and women who wanted to abolish the monarchy

28. Quiz: The Monarchy Is Abolished
How did France change under the National Assembly?
A. The French countryside dissolved into violence.
B. Order and peace were restored in Paris.
C. France became a republic.
D. France became a constitutional monarchy.

29. Quiz: The Reign of Terror
Describe How did radicals such as Robespierre justify the use of terror?
A. They sought to preserve the republic from its enemies.
B. They were afraid the king would attempt to seize power again.
C. They feared the growing power of the Jacobins and sans-culottes.
D. They wanted to recruit people to fight against foreign invaders.

30. Quiz: Reaction and the Directory
What stirred the sans-culottes to riot?
A. rising bread prices
B. attempts to restore the monarchy
C. the emergence of Napoleon Bonaparte
D. the return of the émigrés

31. Quiz: The Revolution Transforms France
Name one example of social reform during the French Revolution.
A. The military was disbanded.
B. Slavery was abolished in France’s colonies.
C. Government pensions were instituted.
D. New religious schools were built.