1. Chapter 1: An Orientation to the Human Body

2. Introduction Anatomy Physiology Study of:
External & internal structures of body
Physical relationship between parts of body
Answers questions “What?” & “Where?”
Physiology
Study of functions of various parts of body
Answers questions “Why?” & “How?”

3. Navigating the Body
Planes of division

4. Navigating the Body (cont’d)
Anatomical Position
To ensure consistency when describing relationship of structures
Body is erect
Feet parallel & flat on floor
Arms at sides
Palms forward
Fingers straight down
Head & eyes forward

5. Navigating the Body (cont’d)
Directional References
Superior/cephalic=
Top/toward head
Inferior/caudal =
Bottom/below head
Anterior/ventral =
In front of
Posterior/dorsal =
In back of/behind
Medial =
Near midline
Lateral =
Away from midline
Deep/internal =
Away from surface
Superior/external=
Close to surface
Proximal =
Close to trunk
Distal =
Away from trunk

6. Navigating the Body (cont’d)
Body regions. A. Anterior view. B. Posterior view.

7. Navigating the Body (cont’d)
Body cavities

8. Building the Body: Atoms to Organisms
Levels of organization of the body

9. Body Systems
Integumentary (A), skeletal (B), & muscular (C) systems

10. Body Systems (cont’d)
Nervous (D), cardiovascular (E), & lymphatic (F) systems

11. Body Systems (cont’d)
Respiratory (G) & endocrine (H) systems

12. Body Systems (cont’d)
Reproductive system (I)

13. Body Systems (cont’d)
Digestive (J) & urinary (K) systems

15. Chapter 2: The Body and Its Terminology

16. Introduction Learning terminology is integral part of proficiency
Study of human body involves scientific names for structures, locations, and physiological mechanisms
For manual therapists, medical terminology allows clear communication
Medical terminology is needed for understanding pathologies and scientific research

17. Orientation to the Body
Anatomic position: standard body reference position used to navigate anatomical terminology

18. Orientation to the Body (cont’d)
Body planes: used to describe location and position of structures (see Figure 2-2)
Sagittal plane: vertically divides body or part into right and left
Frontal (coronal) plane: vertically divides body or part into front and back
Transverse (horizontal) plane: horizontally divides body or part into top and bottom

19. Orientation to the Body (cont’d)
Directional terms clearly communicate position of one body part in relation to another
Example: “the scar is superior and lateral to the left nostril”
Directional terms are easier to understand and remember in pairs of contrasting terms (see Figure 2-3)

20. Key Directional Terms Term Definition anterior (ventral) front
posterior (dorsal)
back
lateral
farther from midline
medial
closer to midline
superior (cephalad)
above; closer to head
inferior (caudal)
below; closer to feet

21. Key Directional Terms (cont’d)
Definition
proximal
closer to attachment point
distal
farther from attachment point
superficial
closer to the surface
deep
farther from the surface
contralateral
opposite side of the median
ipsilateral
on same side of the median

22. Orientation to the Body (cont’d)
Movement terminology describes how structures move in general and in relation to other parts
Movements on frontal plane move toward (adduction) or away from (abduction) midline
Movements on transverse plane move toward (horizontal adduction) or away from (horizontal abduction) midline
Movements on sagittal plane move toward front (flexion) or back (extension)

23. Movement Terminology
Abduction and adduction

24. Movement Terminology (cont’d)
Horizontal abduction and adduction

25. Movement Terminology (cont’d)
Flexion and extension

26. Movement Terminology (cont’d)
Rotation and circumduction

27. Common Anatomical Terminology
Understanding terms important for study of body
Anatomical terminology describes location and relative position of structures more precisely
Manual therapists use medical language to communicate with health care community

28. Prefixes, Suffixes, and Word Roots
Many anatomy and physiology terms formed by combining word roots, prefixes, and suffixes
Knowing common word parts makes it easier to understand complex terms
See Table 2-3 for common word parts used in manual therapies

29. Body Regions
Regional terminology describes areas and divisions of body more precisely
See Table 2-4 and Figures 2-8 through 2-10 for common terms referring to body regions
Examples of regional terms: sternal, carpal, scapular, lumbar, gluteal, femoral, calcaneal, plantar

30. Body Cavities
Four primary body cavities: ventral (anterior) or dorsal (posterior) - see Figure 2-11
Ventral cavities: thoracic cavity (lungs and heart) and abdominopelvic cavity (organs within abdomen and pelvis)
Quadrant method and nine-region method used to subdivide abdominopelvic cavity (see Figure 2-12)
Dorsal cavities: cranial cavity (brain) and spinal cavity (spinal cord)

31. Pathology Classifications and Terminology
Pathology: study of disease
Manual therapists should know commonly used classifications and terminology
See Table 2-5 for basic pathology terms
Examples: acute, chronic, contraindication, diagnosis, lesion, prognosis, sign, symptom

32. Classifications of Disease
Diseases broadly classified by causes:
Infectious
Pathogens (e.g., bacteria, viruses, fungi, parasites)
Environmental (e.g., cigarette smoke)
Hereditary (e.g., hemophilia)
Nutrition and lifestyle (e.g., dietary deficiencies)