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2. BUFFER SOLUTIONS DEFINE BUFFER SOLUTION BUFFER ACTION TO MAINTAIN PH
EXAMPLES OF BUFFER SOLUTION
HOW TO IDENTIFY A BUFFER
APPLICATIONS OF BUFFER SOLUTION
COMPOSITION OF A BUFFER
TYPES OF BUFFER

3. DEFINE BUFFER SOLUTIONS
BUFFER SOLUTION ARE THE SOLUTIONS THAT ARE USED TO MAINTAIN PH OF A SOLUTION OR CHEMICAL REACTIONS. OR A SOLUTION THAT RESIST TO ANY CHANGE IN PH IS CALLED A BUFFER SOLUTION.

4. EXAMPLES OF BUFFER CH3COOH AND CH3COONA NH4CL AND NH4OH
BICARBONATE BUFFER
ACETATE BUFFER
PHOSPHATE BUFFER

5. COMPOSITION OF A BUFFER
WEAK ACID AND ITS SALT WITH STRONG BASE
WEAK BASE AND ITS SALT WITH STRONG ACID
NOTE: A STRONG ACID AND A STRONG ACID FORMING UP A MIXTURE CAN NEVER EVER FORM A BUFFER SOLUTION .

6. HOW TO IDENTIFY A BUFFER
IDENTIFYING WEATHER THE SOLUTION IS A BUFFER OR NOT IS A COMPLICATED MATTER BUT HERES AN EASY TIP BY WHICH YOU CAN EASILY IDENTIFY A BUFFER SOLUTION: IF BY DISSOCIATING BOTH THE GIVEN COMPOUNDS A COMMON ION FORMS SO THIS MEANS THAT THEIR SOLUTION WILL FORM BUFFER AND WILL RESIST TO ANY CHANGE IN PH.

7. BUFFER ACTION TO MAINTAIN PH
IN A BUFFER FOR EG CH3COOH AND CH3COONA IF AN ACID IS ADDED SO THE CONCENTRATION OF H+ ION INCRESES BUT THE BUFFER RESIST IT BY REACTING CH3COO- IONS(DISSOCIATED IONS) WITH H+ TO GIVE BACK CH3COOH.ON THE OTHER HAND IF BASE IS ADDED OH- IONS INCREASES BUT AGAIN BUFFER REACTS H+ AND OH- IONS TO GIVE H20 THAT IS NEUTRALIZATION REACTION AND SO IN BOTH CASES THE PH DOESN’T DISTURBS.

8. TYPES OF BUFFERS
ACIDIC BUFFER----Acidic buffer solutions exhibit pH below 7. They are commonly made from a weak acid and one of its salts - often a sodium salt such as equal molar mixture of acetic acid and sodium acetate in solution whose pH is of BASIC BUFFER-----A mixture of weak base and salt will be an alkaline buffer solution. For example mixture of ammonium chloride and ammonium hydroxide is an alkaline buffer solution. The pH of this buffer is 9.25 which is more than 7. In this buffer solution, ammonia is a weak base and ionizes partially to form ammonium ions and hydroxide ions.

9. APPLICATIONS OF BUFFERS
Enzyme activity depends on pH, so the pH during an enzyme assay must stay constant USING BUFFER SOLUTION.
Buffer solutions are added before fermentation begins . This prevents the solutions becoming too acidic and spoiling the product.
BUFFER SOLUTION IS USED TO CALLIBRATE PH METERS.
BUFFERS ARE ALSO USED IN ELECTROPLATING AND MANY BIOLOGICAL PROCESSES.

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