1. II. High Middle Ages (1000-1500 C.E.):
New agricultural techniques.
Greater regional political stability.
Towns grow as trade centers.
By the year 1000, the growth of new states in Europe’s increasing interest in foreign goods were leading Western Europe towards a more expansive and progressive period. Both the development of new states and greater trade were brought about in part by the Christian Crusades and the weakening of feudalism at the local and regional levels. The social political changes would call culminate in a form of monarchy, and a spirit of renaissance or rebirth, both of which would greatly affect three key areas: commerce, class relations, and gender roles. European lords and nights are ready to stop fighting one another and had retreated from actual battle in favor of more tournaments, organize competitions that included joust, combat between nights using blunt weapons, which also became social occasions.

2. Political:
France;
Philip IV (r ) created the French Estates General, assembly to advise the king.
Composed of the three classes (estates) in France: the clergy, nobility, and commoners.
Had little power over the king.
Under Philip IV (ruled; 1285 to 1314) the first Estates Gen., a body to advise the king that included representatives from each of the three legal classes, or estates, in France: the clergy, nobility, and commoners. Although the French kings consulted this Estates Gen. when necessary, they did not exact regular taxes from the upper two classes, the clergy and nobility. Consequently, the Estates Gen. had little power. The clergy and nobility felt little responsibility to protect the government that they were not financing, a problem that only continue to increase in France up to the eve of the French Revolution of 1789.

3. Holy Roman Empire; Founded by Otto I (962).
Emperor of elected by nobility.
The rule of the Holy Roman Emperor became increasingly hollow, because they did not build a solid monarchy from regional foundations.
The German King Otto the first was crowned holy Roman Emperor 962, harkening back to Charlemagne’s designation as Emperor of the Romans. Auto successors survive the power struggle with the papacy over the lay investiture controversy of the 11th and 12th centuries. The dispute was over whether a secular leader, rather than the Pope, could invest bishops with the symbols of office. It was finally resolved in the concordat of worms in 1122, when the church achieved autonomy from secular authorities. The Holy Roman Empire remained vibrant until it was virtually destroyed during the 30 years war, 1618 to 1648, from which it never recovered. The Empire came to an end with Napoleon’s invasion in 1806.

4. England;
Monarch of Normandy, William the Conqueror, invades England (1066).
Uses “Royal Sheriffs” as his administrative officials.
The Normans were descendants of Vikings who settled in the northwest corner of France, a region known as Normandy. In 1066, a monarch of Normandy known as William the Conqueror invaded England and ruled kingdoms on both sides of the English Channel. He presided over a tightly organized feudal system, using Royal sheriffs as his administrative officials. William also standardize law codes issued by his royal court.

5. Limits on English king’s power:
The Magna Carta (1215).
Required king to observe certain rights, like the right to a jury trial before a noble could be imprisoned.
In time, objections to the power of William and his successor Norman monarchs were responsible for limits on that power in England. First, the Magna Carta, signed by King John in 1215 under the pressure from leading nobles, required the king to observe certain rights, such as the right to a jury trial before a noble could be sentenced to prison. Also, the nobles won the right to be consulted on the issue of scutage (a form of text placed on the night who want to buy out of military service). Finally the first English Parliament was formed in These developments increase the rights of the English nobility, not of the general population.

6. 2. Creation of Parliamentary (1265), two assemblies to advise king.
House of Lords, composed of nobles and the church hierarchy.
House of Commons, composed of elected representatives of wealthy townspeople.
Parliament becomes more powerful than king, leading to modern democracy
In the first full parliamentary meeting in 1265, the House of Lords represented the nobles and the church hierarchy, while the House of Commons was made up of elected representatives of wealthy townspeople. Eventually the power of these two legislative bodies in England became stronger than that of similar bodies on the European continent. The course of English feudalism led to modern democracy for the individual. By contrast, Japanese feudalism developed on a similar course, but it emphasized rights of the group rather than protection of the individual through checks on those in authority.

7. Hundred Years War (1337-1453); England and France.
England loses all lands in France.
In the hundred years war ( ) the tables were turned between the rival monarchies: this time England invaded France. Although the English retained only the port of Calais in France as a result of the war, a strong sense of unity evolved in both countries during the period. Another result of the war was this breading use of gunpowder. Invented by the Chinese and brought to the Middle East by Mongols, gunpowder was in use in Europe by the 14th century. The Mongols also popularized the use of horses in Europe.

8. Spain; Christian forces begin taking control Spain (1000).
This Reconquista (reconquest) was completed in 1492.
Medieval backwardness accounts for the anxiety of the West about the more powerful Muslim world.
In addition to conquering England, the Normans in the 11th century also conquered Sicily, taking control of that Mediterranean island from the Muslims. In the same century, other Christian forces begin taking control Spain from Muslim rulers. This reconquista the reconquest was finally completed in 1492.

9. Crusades, Christian attempt to reclaim the Holy Land (Palestine).
1st Crusade, conquered Jerusalem (July 1099).
Muslim leader, Saladin, regained Jerusalem (1187).
4th Crusade, sacked Constantinople for Venice (its competitor).
Just as Europeans fault to drive Muslims out of Europe, they also sought to reclaim control of the holy land, the region of Palestine in the Middle East that contain sites of spiritual significance to Jews, Christians, and Muslims. European Christians have enjoyed access to these lands for centuries, even after they came under the control of Muslims. This access was reduced, however, when the Seljuk Turks took control the region around 1071.
of the four major Crusades only the first was a clear victory for the forces of Christian to. They conquered Jerusalem in July However, Muslim forces under Saladin regain control of Jerusalem in 1187.
Fourth crusade; during the fourth and last major crusade, 1202 to 1204, Venice, a wealthy city state in northern Italy, had a contract to transport crusaders to the Middle East, which they referred to as Levant. However, this was not paid all of what was due, so the Venetians persuaded the Crusader debtors first to sack Zara, an Italian city, and then Constantinople, a major trade competitor to Venice. The fourth crusade never made it to the holy land. Eventually Islamic forces prevailed in the Levant.

10. Demand for eastern goods opened up global trade.
Effects of Crusades:
Egyptian state changed attitude toward its Christian subjects from tolerance to persecution.
Demand for eastern goods opened up global trade.
Black Death hits Europe.
Plague weakened feudalism.
Knowledge of the world beyond Western Europe increased as crusaders encountered both the Byzantine and the Islamic cultures. The encounter also increased demand in Europe for newfound wares from the East. In opening up to global trade, however, Western Europeans also open themselves to disease. The plague, referred to as the Black death, was introduced to Europe by way of trading routes. A major epidemic broke out between 1347 and Additional outbreaks occurred over the succeeding decades. As many as 25 million people in Europe may have died from the plague. With drastically reduced populations, economic activity declined in Europe. In particular, a shortage of people to work on the land had lasting effects on the feudal system.

11. Long-distant trade return as Europe.
Economics
Long-distant trade return as Europe.
The greatest concentration of urbanization after the 10th century was in Italy and the Low Countries.
Local economic self-sufficiency in Europe gradually gave way to an interesting goods from other European areas and from far-flung ports. The Crusades help pay the way, as lords and their armies of nights brought back fabrics and spices from the East. Despite the inroads own the Byzantine Empire by the Ottoman Turks, the silk Road trade remained in operation, as did see routes across the Mediterranean Sea and the Indian Ocean. China was still eager for Europe’s gold and silver, and Europe was growing more eager than ever for silk, tea, and rhubarb. Although European winners had not yet found a route around the Cape of Good Hope at the southern tip of Africa, they had been making overland trips across Europe for many centuries.

12. His writings stimulated interest in Asia.
Marco Polo, Italian merchant, visited the court of Kublai Khan (late thirteenth century).
His writings stimulated interest in Asia.
In the late 13th century Marco Polo, an Italian native from Venice, visited the court of Kubla Khan. Polos captivating descriptions of the customs of the people he met intrigued Europeans. For example, he wrote a history of the Mongols in which he described the practice of multiple marriages end of drinking mare’s milk. Curiosity about Asia skyrocketed, stimulating interest in cartography, or mapmaking.

13. Long-distant trade made European innovation possible by borrowing technologies from other civilizations. Knowledge of gunpowder led to creation of cannons.
Commerce:
Local economic self-sufficiency gave way to long-distant trade. Crusading knights brought back fabrics and spices from the east. The Silk Road remained in operation, as did the Indian Ocean and Mediterranean Ocean trade routes. China was still interested in European gold and silver, and Europe was growing eager for silk, tea, and rhubarb.

14. Agriculture improvements:
Three-Field System, added acres to production by leaving only a third of the land unplanted.
Windmills
Moldboard, plow that allowed deeper turning of soil
Horse collar to yoke teams of horses.
Agriculture became more efficient towards the end of the Middle Ages due to several developments:
• The Three-Field System, in which crops were rotated in and out of three fields. One field planted with wheat or rye, crops that provided food. One field planted with legume plants (peas, lentils, beans) which added nitrogen to the soil. One field was allowed to remain fallow (unused).
• Windmills
• The heavy plow with wheels
• Drawn first by ox, the invention of the horse collar to yoke teams of horses.
• Use of the stirrups spread from Central Asia to Europe about the seventh century. It distributed the weight of the rider more evenly over the horses back, saving the horse discomfort and helping the rider to be more secure.

15. Stirrup, from Central-Asia, distributed the rider weight more evenly over the horses back.
Riding horses became easier when the use of stirrups spread from Central Asia to Europe about the seventh century. Stirrups distributed the rider weight more evenly over the horses back, saving the horse discomfort and back injury while helping the rider be more secure.

16. Guilds, associations of craftspeople and merchants.
Regulated economies and trade.
Held economic power in towns.
Association of craftspeople or merchants called gules originated in towns. Each occupation was separately organized into its own guilt. These organizations regulated rules for apprenticeship, helping families of injured or killed workers, and exercise some degree of quality control. Since economic influence was centered in the guilds, they could apply pressure against the local Lord or monarchy. The centralized states of the high Middle Ages were not yet ready to take on the regulatory and social functions exercised by such groups, so the guilds retain much of their power until early modern times.

17. Interactions:
The dominant architectural style of this period (High Middle Ages) was Gothic.
It featured pointed arches and flying buttresses.
Often sharing books when attending lectures, students of the University of Paris in the 12th century could study liberal arts for theology. In response to disputes between students and townspeople, universities set up colleges, boarding houses for scholars, which were sometimes divided according to the students nationality or discipline. The University granted students licenses to teach after they completed years of study and pass an examination.

18. Social:
Growth in commerce led to the development of a middle class, known as burghers.
Social pyramid had clergy and nobility at the top, peasant poor at the bottom, and a growing middle class of shopkeepers, merchants, and craftspeople in the middle.
Growth in commerce caused the development of a small bourgeoisie, a middle-class, also known as burghers. The social pyramid of Western Europe thus evolved to have clergy and nobility at the top, large numbers of urban poor in service at the bottom, and a growing middle class of shopkeepers, merchants, craftspeople, and small landholders in the middle. The early beginnings of a middle-class took shape as Europe joined the Byzantine Empire and Muslim nations and long-distance exchanges of money and goods. Social structures became more fluid, with new emphasis on economics rather than on purely Christian ideals or on military defense and conquest.

19. Economic growth during the High Middle Ages affect women in that they practiced trades and sometimes trained female apprentices.
Technological changes in weaving limited women’s opportunities in Western Europe by the fifteenth century.
Growth in commerce led to the development of a small bourgeoisie, a middle class, also known as burghers. The social pyramid evolved to have the nobility and clergy at the top, a growing merchant middle class, and a large urban poor serf class at the bottom. This middle class was only possible as Europe joined in long-distant trade. A new emphasis on economics rather than on purely Christian ideals arose.

20. Culture: Scholarship was in the hands of the clergy.
Thomas Aquinas (13th century) was leading figure in the synthesis of classical rational philosophy with Christian theology, called scholasticism.
It dominanted medieval philosophical approach in universities.
Scholarship in the medieval period was almost entirely in the hands of the church and its clergy. For example, medical advances were almost unknown in Western Europe, since church authorities believed that sin was the cause of illness. In their minds there was little need to look for other answers.
Thomas Aquinas in the 13th century tried to reconcile Aristotelian knowledge with Christian faith, a system of study called scholasticism. He argued that faith was not endangered by logical thinking. Aquinas’s view would open the way for the secularism and Christian humanism of the Renaissance, as well as for the later enlightenment ideas of progress, reason, and natural law.

21. Secular universities began in Paris, Oxford, and Cambridge (12th century).
Universities set up colleges (boarding houses for scholars) divided by discipline.
Western education was not tied to a single bureaucratic system like in China.
Often sharing books when attending lectures, students of the University of Paris in the 12th century could study liberal arts for theology. In response to disputes between students and townspeople, universities set up colleges, boarding houses for scholars, which were sometimes divided according to the students nationality or discipline. The University granted students licenses to teach after they completed years of study and pass an examination.

22. A focus on individuals rather than God.
Renaissance:
A revival of interest in classical Greek and Roman literature, art, civic virtue, and culture.
A focus on individuals rather than God.
The expansion of trade, as well as the growth of an agricultural surplus in Western Europe, led to a revival of interest in learning and the arts. In addition, a growing middle class with access to money was able to patronize craft people and teachers. The Renaissance was characterized by revival in interest in classical Greek and Roman literature, art, civic virtue, culture. Scholars recovered and studied the cane manuscripts and wrote secular literature. Part of the Renaissance was humanism, the focus on individuals rather than God. Human is focused on education and reform. For example, handbooks of behavior flourished in the 15th and 16th centuries, as people began to consider not only their place in heaven but also their place in the world. Cultural changes in the Renaissance, such as an increased use of vernacular language, propel the rise of powerful monarchies, the centralization of governance, and the rebirth of nationalism.

23. That concludes Medieval Europe
Any questions before the quiz on the next slide?