1. Bartolomeu Dias, rounding the Cape of Good Hope, 1488

2. Vasco da Gama’s trip, 1497

4. The Portuguese Empire, 1502-1577

5. Map of Gulf of Guinea by Hamann Ebert, 1743

6. European Eyes on Africa: A Set of Contrasts
Savagery
Slavery
Nature
Wild land
Feminine
Europe
Civilization
Free labor
Culture and reason
Cultivated agriculture
Masculine

7. German philosopher, Arthur Schopenhauer, Parerga and Paralipomena (1851)
“The highest civilization and culture, apart from the ancient Hindus and Egyptians, are found exclusively among the white races; and even with many dark peoples, the ruling caste or race is fairer in color than the rest and has, therefore, evidently immigrated, for example, the Brahmins, the Incas, and the rulers of the South Sea islands.” Because of the climate.

9. Namibia

10. Hans Burgkmair, People of Africa and India (1511)

11. A newspaper cartoon showing Sarah Baartman, “the Hottentot Venus,” being exhibited in England and France

12. Ota Benga at the Bronx Zoo, 1906